臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海洋保護區被認為是解決海洋資源過漁的有效策略之一。北方三島(彭佳嶼、棉花嶼、花瓶嶼)位於台灣東北部，周邊海洋資源豐富。本研究旨在探討北方三島周邊漁場(25.25°N~25.75°N,121.75°E~122.25°E)對於漁民的重要性、將其規劃為MPA可能產生之經濟影響、以及漁民對此倡議之態度。本研究利用立意抽樣，以半結構式問卷面訪基隆市、新北市、宜蘭縣包括扒網、一支釣、娛樂一支釣船、棒受網、刺網、雜魚延繩釣、籠具、拖網等八種漁業的65位漁民，並結合該等漁船2014年漁船航程紀錄器資訊確認其作業地點。結果顯示64.6％為45歲以上漁民各漁業平均獲利率為52%，平均淨收益以扒網漁業最高，為US$214,554。油料費用和人事費用分占作業成本42%及37%為最高。扒網、雜魚延繩釣、娛樂一支釣等三項漁業在此漁場漁業依存度超過50%。多數認為北方三島東北區為高經濟價值的區域，惟部分漁業之漁船航程紀錄器資料顯示西北漁場方為主要作業範圍。針對MPA劃設水域之可能影響，北方三島1浬劃設為禁捕區MPA對各漁業有0.01-0.39%的損失；2浬對各漁業別有0.01-0.90%的損失；3浬對各漁業別有0.01-1.43%的損失；6浬對各漁業別有0.03-7.00%的損失，主要對於扒網以及棒受網的影響較高。漁民對於設立MPA之態度為同意(23%)、無意見(31%)、反對(46%)，54%的漁民不反對設立北方三島為MPA。年長者漁民77%完全反對開放海上遊憩活動之水域。籠具漁民(75%)認為MPA能使漁業資源資加；較高比例的年輕者(61%)認為北方三島周邊執法查緝不足。本研究建議北方三島海洋保護區宜有效分區：1浬內劃設為低限度利用之核心禁漁區，可允許娛樂漁船載客進入賞景、休閒船釣，釣客須申請磯釣許可證。3浬內劃設為有限度利用之緩衝區，僅允許釣具類漁法，禁止各種網具類漁法；6浬內則劃設為可合理利用之保護區，允許網具類作業。其次，建議政府應持續進行調查、適度結合VDR資訊作為MPA分區的工具，應加強對違規外籍漁船執法，並將漁民的認知納入考量，採取漸進式的分區管理，避免因短期社會經濟衝擊漁民生計，以期提升海洋保護區的長期正面效應及漁民保育意識。

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered as one of the most effective tools for resolving the problems of overfishing. The Northern Three Islets (Pengjia Islet, Mianhua Islet and Huaping Isle) located in the northeastern of Taiwan are surrounded with abundant natural resources. This study aims to evaluate the importance of this fishing ground (25.25-25.75°N, 121.75°~122.25°E) to fishermen, the possible economic impacts and fishermen’s perceptions on the Northern Three Islets MPA initiatives. Sixty-five fishermen operating eight fisheries (including Taiwanese purse seiners, pole and line, recreational pole-and-line, torch light net, gill net, misc.fish longline, crab traps, and trawl) from Keelung County, New Taipei City, and I-Lan County were selected by purposive sampling and interviewed with semi-structured questionnaire. In addition, voyage data recorder (VDR) information of 2014 was used to identify their fishing grounds. The results showed 64.6% were elder fishermen. The average profit margin was 52%. The Taiwanese purse seiners have highest net profit (US$ 214,554). Fuel (42%) and personnel costs (37%) were the major composition of total cost in average. The fisheries dependence of Taiwanese purse seiners, misc.fish long line, and recreational pole-and-line were over 50%. Most of them considered the northeastern area was high economic value areas, although some of their real fishing positions were more in northwestern area. As for the possible effect of the MPA on fishery activities, it may cause 0.01 to 0.39% annual economic losses by fisheries if it is set up within 1 nautical-mile as MPAs. The possible impacts will range from 0.01% to 0.90% by fisheries within 2 nautical-mile, 0.01% to 1.43% by fisheries within 3 nautical-mile, and 0.03% to 7.00% with 6 nautical-mile. The Taiwanese purse seiners and torch light fisheries will be impacted more than the others. The fishermen’s perceptions on the design of Northern Three Islets MPAs were agreeing (23%), no comments (31%), and disagree (46%). Overall, 54% did not against on the establishment of the MPAs. Majority of elders (77%) have strongly against the design of recreational fisheries activities. More than 75% crab traps fishermen showed strongly agree that MPAs can be beneficial to fish stock. In addition, 61% young fishermen thought the illegal fishing activities are serious and the government did not take enough actions yet. In conclusion, it is suggested that: (1) the core area (1 nautical-mile) which is highly protected area, only recreational activities are allowed, and rock fishing license system should be established; (2) the buffer zone (3 nautical-mile) are only allowed for line fisheries; (3) the transition area (6 nautical- mile) would be applied for multiple-use area, of which net fisheries should be well regulated. In older to sustain the marine living resources, it is further suggested that the government should continue to conduct scientific survey and research, applied Voyage Data Recorder data as tool for zoning of MPAs, to strengthen the enforcement on illegal foreign fishing vessels, to include fishermen in the planning process, taking zoning management step by step, to avoid objections by fishermen due to the possible short-term socio-economic impacts. These actions would be valuable to increase the long-term positive effects of MPAs and fishermen conservation perception.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
目次 III
表目次 IV
圖目次 V
第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究背景及動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 研究架構 6
第二章 文獻回顧 7
第一節 海洋保護區的發展 7
第二節 世界各國海洋保護區的發展現況 9
第三節 臺灣海洋保護區制度與發展現況 15
第四節 北方三島現況與相關研究 18
第三章 材料與方法 21
第一節 研究範圍及研究對象 21
第二節 抽樣方法 23
第三節 問卷設計與調查 24
第四節 資料分析 28
第四章 結果 31
第一節 漁民之基本組成及漁業成本效益分析 31
第二節 劃設北方三島MPA對各漁業之可能影響 38
第三節 漁民對北方三島MPA劃設水域之態度 43
第五章 討論 59
第一節 北方三島水域經營者背景與漁業成本效益分析 59
第二節 北方三島依存度及MPA對各漁業可能之影響 60
第三節 漁民對MPA之態度分析 61
第六章 結論與建議 63
第一節 結論 63
第二節 建議 64
參考文獻 66
附錄 1 72

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