臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

陸棚海域因旺盛的生物作用使其吸收二氧化碳的能力遠優於開放性大洋，故對全球碳循環扮演了關鍵性的角色。不同的陸棚會因所處環境不同而有不一樣的二氧化碳吸收能力，但目前全球陸棚海域碳化學參數的時空分布數據仍不充足，故若欲對全球陸棚海域碳循環有完整的了解，必須針對各別特性不同的陸棚系統分別進行調查。本研究利用台俄雙邊合作計畫的機會，於2014 年夏季對西北太平洋中的日本海彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚碳化學參數的分布特徵進行了同步調查，其中彼得大帝灣部分過去尚無相關數據發表，本研究為首度在該海域進行的碳化學調查。研究結果顯示，2014年夏季東海陸棚為大氣二氧化碳的匯，吸收量約為每天18480噸的二氧化碳；彼得大帝灣則為大氣二氧化碳的源，釋放量約為每天26噸的二氧化碳。此種分布型態與開放大洋中緯度愈高愈傾向為大氣二氧化碳碳匯之傳統觀點有所不同，推測造成此種差異的原因為，注入東海河流的逕流量遠大於彼得大帝灣，使得輸入東海陸棚營養鹽的通量亦遠較彼得大帝灣為高，因此造就了東海陸棚非常高的生物生產力，使得生物生產作用成為主導東海表水二氧化碳分壓變化的控制因子，因此即使在夏季高溫的影響下，東海陸棚依舊可維持大氣二氧化碳匯的狀態。反之，彼得大帝灣由於缺乏河流所帶來的營養鹽，無法支持高的生物生產力，故其表水二氧化碳分壓的變化主要受溫度所控制，因此在夏季高溫的影響下，形成大氣二氧化碳的源。此外，將本研究所得結果與其它緯度相近之陸棚海域進行比較後可以發現，夏季時溫帶陸棚海域碳源、碳匯的分布情形與河流的影響及洋流的型態密切相關：有大河注入或冷流通過的海域，傾向為大氣二氧化碳的匯；無大河注入或有暖流通過的海域，則傾向為大氣二氧化碳的源。

Continental shelves are active sites of air-sea CO2 exchange and represent an important component to the global carbon budget. In this study, we investigated the CO2 system and pertinent hydrographic parameters in two distinct continental shelf systems in the Northwest Pacific in summer 2014: the East China Sea shelf (ECSS) and the Peter the Great Bay (PGB) of the Japan/East Sea. The results show that the PGB acted as a source of atmospheric CO2, while the ECSS was a sink. We suggest that the observed divergent behaviors in terms of CO2 absorption between the PGB and the ECSS may be associated with their difference in receiving river runoff. Under the influence of the Yangtze River, the nutrient discharge into the ECSS is much higher than that into the PGB, where only a few small rivers empty into. The high nutrient discharge into the ECSS may stimulate high biological production, which may drawdown CO2 and thereby driving the ECSS to act as a CO2 sink despite high temperature in summer. On the contrary, the temperature effect may dominate over the effect of biological production in the PGB due to the limited nutrient discharge, and thus turn the PGB to be a source of atmospheric CO2 during the warm summer season. The comparison between the present study and other shelf systems within the similar latitudinal zone demonstrates that whether the temperate shelf acting as a source or a sink of atmospheric CO2 is largely controlled by the influence of river discharge and circulation pattern. For the shelf system impacted by large river discharge or cold current, it is inclined to be a source of atmospheric CO2, meanwhile for that without the influence of large river or that affected by warm current, it tends to act as a sink.

摘要 I
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VI
一、緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 陸棚簡介 2
1.3 文獻回顧 2
1.4 研究目的 3
二、材料與方法 5
2.1 研究區域簡介 5
2.1.1 彼得大帝灣的地理環境 5
2.1.2 東海的地理環境 6
2.2採樣位置與時間 7
2.3採樣方法 7
2.3.1 水文資料收集 7
2.3.2 碳化學參數樣品收集 7
2.3.3 硝酸鹽樣品收集 7
2.4分析方法 8
2.4.1 海水中酸鹼值(pH)測定 8
2.4.2 溶解態無機碳(DIC)測定 9
2.4.3 總鹼度(TA)測定 10
2.4.4 海水中二氧化碳分壓( pCO2 )之計算 11
2.4.5 海-氣界面二氧化碳通量之計算 11
2.4.6 淡海水混合TA、DIC理論混合線之計算 12
2.4.7 溫度標準化的pCO2計算 13
三、結果 14
3.1 彼得大帝灣與東海表水溫、鹽之空間分布 14
3.1.1 彼得大帝灣表水溫、鹽之空間分布 14
3.1.2 東海表水溫、鹽之空間分布 14
3.1.3 彼得大帝灣與東海表水溫、鹽分布之差異 15
3.2 彼得大帝灣與東海表水碳化學參數之空間分布 15
3.2.1 表水酸鹼值(pH)之空間分布 15
3.2.1.1 彼得大帝灣pH值之空間分布 15
3.2.1.2 東海pH值之空間分布 15
3.2.1.3 彼得大帝灣與東海表水pH值之分布差異 16
3.2.2 總鹼度(TA)之空間分布 16
3.2.2.1 彼得大帝灣TA之空間分布 16
3.2.2.2 東海表水TA之空間分布 16
3.2.2.3 彼得大帝灣與東海表水TA之分布差異 17
3.2.3 表水溶解態無機碳(DIC)之空間分布 17
3.2.3.1 彼得大帝灣DIC之空間分布 17
3.2.3.2 東海DIC之空間分布 17
3.2.3.3 彼得大帝灣與東海表水DIC之分布差異 18
3.2.4 表水二氧化碳分壓(pCO2)之空間分布 18
3.2.4.1 彼得大帝灣pCO2之空間分布 18
3.2.4.2 東海pCO2之空間分布 18
3.2.4.3 彼得大帝灣與東海表水pCO2之分布差異 19
3.2.5 海氣二氧化碳交換通量之空間分布 19
四、討論 21
4.1彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚pCO2控制因子探討 21
4.2彼得大帝灣與其他溫帶陸棚海域碳源、碳匯之比較 22
五、結論 24
參考文獻 25

圖1.1 溫室效應示意圖 32
圖1.2 過去40萬年來大氣二氧化碳分壓(pCO2)隨時間的變化圖 32
圖1.3 1958 ~ 2015年間大氣pCO2隨時間變化圖 33
圖1.4 碳在自然界中循環的示意圖 33
圖1.5 海水碳源(source)與碳匯(sink)的示意圖 34
圖1.6 陸棚的海底地形圖 34
圖1.7 八月全球海氣CO2分壓差分布圖 35
圖1.8 全球陸棚海域海氣CO2年平均通量分布圖 35
圖1.9 日本海彼得大帝灣與東海的地理位置 36
圖2.1 彼得大帝灣分區地形圖 36
圖2.2 彼得大帝灣內的海流 37
圖2.3 東海分區地形圖 37
圖2.4 東海夏、冬季海流示意圖 38
圖2.5 彼得大帝灣與東海採樣位置圖 38
圖3.1 彼得大帝灣與東海表水溫度(℃)分布圖 39
圖3.2 彼得大帝灣與東海表水鹽度(psu)分布圖 40
圖3.3 彼得大帝灣與東海表水pH分布圖 41
圖3.4 彼得大帝灣與東海表水TA (μmol/kg)分布圖 42
圖3.5 彼得大帝灣與東海表水DIC (μmol/kg)分布圖 43
圖3.6 彼得大帝灣與東海表水pCO2 (μatm)分布圖 44
圖3.7 彼得大帝灣跟東海陸棚表水鹽度跟TA之間的關係 45
圖3.8 彼得大帝灣跟東海陸棚表水鹽度跟DIC之間的關係 45
圖3.9 彼得大帝灣跟東海陸棚表水DIC跟pH之間的關係 46
圖4.1 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚表水溫度與pCO2的關係圖 46
圖4.2 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚表水鹽度與溫度標準化的pCO2關係圖 47
圖4.3 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚表水鹽度與DIC的關係圖 47
圖4.4 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚表水鹽度與NO3-的關係圖 48
圖4.5 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚表水鹽度與∆DIC的關係圖 48
圖4.6 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚表水鹽度與∆NO3- 49
圖4.7 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚∆DIC與pCO2 at 25℃的關係圖 49
圖4.8 彼得大帝灣與東海陸棚∆NO3-與pCO2 at 25℃的關係圖 50
表1.1 開放大洋和陸棚間海氣CO2交換通量、面積與單位面積吸收能力比較 51
表1.2 西北太平洋陸棚海域夏季碳源、碳匯分布表 51
表1.3 彼得大帝灣(PGB)跟東海(ECS)地理環境之比較 52
表2.1 彼得大帝灣淡水端與海水端的端成分 52
表2.2 東海淡水端與海水端的端成分 53
表3.1 彼得大帝灣跟東海各參數平均值間的差異性比較 53
表3.2 不同經驗公式所計算出來的彼得大帝灣海氣CO2交換通量 54
表3.3 不同經驗公式所計算出來的東海海氣CO2交換通量 54
表3.4 彼得大帝灣的各風速經驗公式間統計上的差異性比較(α = 0.05) 55
表3.5 東海的各風速經驗公式間統計上的差異性比較(α = 0.05) 55
表4.1 彼得大帝灣與其他緯度相近之溫帶陸棚海域碳源、碳匯分布情形與環境差異之比較 56

[中文部分]
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蔡儀慧(2013). 秋季時東海陸棚是大氣二氧化碳的「源」還是「匯」？, 國立臺灣海洋大學, 基隆市, p. 48
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