臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

至今，大多數的學者都將《科學怪人》中的那個生物定義成怪物．學者藉由關注這個特定的生物，忽略掉充斥這部小說的怪物性，也忽視了瑪麗·雪萊筆下的這個生物其實反映了十九世紀的英國．本論文認為，這部小說裡沒有所謂的怪物，而瑪麗·雪萊的意圖是揭露她所處社會的怪物性––––而不是寫一部怪物小說．透過文本與歷史分析，本論文將闡釋《科學怪人》當中精神層面、身體層面、心理層面與社會層面的怪物性．
瑪麗·雪萊透過他筆下的生物，討論她所處社會的怪物性．本文選取了九個例子，並分成三類：三種屬於精神層面、三種屬於身體與心理層面、三種屬於社會層面．精神層面的怪物性將這個生物的創生、他的靈魂、及為創造他而使用的科學，扣連到雪萊的時代裡關於基督教復活、奴隸靈魂的地位、及科學地位變化的神學辯論．身體與心理層面的怪物性探討這個生物的混雜性、力量及心靈敏銳程度，反思異常生產以及雪萊關於人類脆弱與心靈不穩定的自身經驗．社會層面的怪物性檢視動物、女性、家庭在這部小說中的角色，以及這個生物如何在雪萊十九世紀經驗的脈絡底下，反映這些面向．九個怪物性看似集中在維多創造的生物身上，讓他更像是怪物，但他其實是一面映照出怪物社會的鏡子，本身並不是怪物性的體現．

To date, the majority of scholars have framed the creature in Frankenstein as a monster. By focusing on a single embodiment, scholars have neglected the monstrous aspects pervasive in the novel and ignored the fact that Shelley’s creature actually reflects nineteenth-century Britain. This thesis argues that there is no monster, and Shelley’s intention was to display the monstrosity of her own society –– not to write a monster novel. Through a textual and historical analysis, this thesis will elucidate the spiritual, physical, mental, and social monstrosities within Frankenstein.
Shelley addressed the monstrosities of her society through the creature, nine of which have been selected for this study and assorted into three categories: three spiritual, three physical and mental, and three social. The first three monstrosities connect the creation of the creature, his soul, and the science used to create him with the theological debates of the period regarding Christian resurrection, the status of the slave’s soul, and the changing status of science in Shelley’s era. The three physical and mental monstrosities address the creature’s hybridity, strength, and mental acuity as a reflection of monstrous births, and Shelley’s own experience with human frailty and mental instability. The last three monstrosities examine the role of animals, women, and family in the novel, and how the creature reflects these various aspects in the context of how Shelley experienced them in the nineteenth-century. All nine monstrosities appear to reflect upon Victor’s creature to make him seem more monstrous, but the creature is actually the mirror of a monstrous society and not an embodiment of monstrosity himself.

Master’s Thesis Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Chapter 1: Monstrosity and the Monstrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter 2: Mary Shelley and the Making of Frankenstein . . . . . .7
Chapter 3: Spiritual Monstrosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Chapter 4: Physical and Mental Monstrosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 5: Social Monstrosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Adams, Carol J. The Sexual Politics of Meat. Worchester: Polity Press, 1990. Print.

Agnell, Katherine. “Joseph Merrick and the Concept of Monstrosity in Nineteenth Century Medical Thought.” Ed. Holly Lynn Baumgartner and Roger Davis. Hosting the Monster. New York: Rodopi, 2008. 131-152. Print.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III-R. Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 1987. Print.

Asma, Stephen T. On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.

Baldick, Chris. In Frankenstein’s Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity and Nineteenth-Century Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. Print.
- - -. “The Politics of Monstrosity”. Ed. Fred Botting. Frankenstein: Mary Shelley. London: Macmillan Press, 1995. 48-67. Print. New Casebooks.

Barbin, Herculine. Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-Century French Hermaphrodite. Trans. Richard McDougall. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. Print.

Barker, Hannah and Elaine Chalus. Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print.

Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Web. 29 December 2015.

Bewell, Alan. “‘An Issue of Monstrous Desire’: Frankenstein and Obstetrics.” Yale Journal of Criticism 2.1 (Fall 1988): 105-28. Knarf Upenn. Web. 28 May 2015.

Benvenuto, Bice and Roger Kennedy. The Works of Jacques Lacan: An Introduction. London: Free Association Books, 1986. Print.

Botting, Fred. Making Monstrous: ‘Frankenstein’, Criticism, Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991. Print.

Brooks, Peter. “What is a Monster? (According to Frankenstein)”. Chapter Seven of Body Work. Ed. Fred Botting. Frankenstein: Mary Shelley. London: Macmillan Press, 1995. 81-106. Print. New Casebooks.

Bronfen, Elisabeth. “Rewriting the Family: Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’ in its Biographical/Textual Context.” Ed. Stephen Bann. Frankenstein, Creation and Monstrosity. London: Reaktion Books, 1994. 16-38. Print.

Brown, Christopher Leslie. “Christianity and the campaign against slavery and the slave trade.” Eds. Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy. Web. 17 April 2015.
<https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/contents.html>.

Bury, Arthur. The Naked Gospel. London: Arthur Bury, 1691. EEBO-HUSO. Web. 9 December 2015.

Butler, Marilyn. Introduction, Explanatory Notes, and Appendices. Frankenstein The 1818 Text. By Mary Shelley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.

Chalus, Elaine and Fiona Montgomery. “Women and politics.” Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850. Eds. Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. New York:Routledge, 2005. Print.

Chatellier, Louis. “Christianity and the rise of science, 1660-1815.” Eds. Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Claridge, Laura P. “Parent-Child Tensions in Frankenstein: The Search for Communion.” Studies in the Novel 17. 1 (Spring 1985): 14-26. EBSCO. Web 18 June 2015.

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Of Giants: Sex, Monsters, and the Middle Ages. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Print.

Croker, John Wilson. Rev. of Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Quarterly Review 18.36 (January 1818): 379-385. ProQuest. Web. 8 April 2015.

d’Arras, Jean. Melusine; Or, the Noble History of Lusignan. Trans. Donald Maddox and Sara Sturm-Maddox. Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012. Print.

Davies, Brian and Eleonore Stump, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

De Certeau, Michel. The Possession at Loudun. Trans. Michael B. Smith. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. Print.

Falconbridge, Alexander. An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of West Africa. London: James Phillips, George-Yard, 1788. ECCO-HUSO. Web. 1 January 2016.

Feldman, Paula R. and Diana Scott Kilvert, eds. The Journals of Mary Shelley. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1987. Print.

Fisch, Audrey A., Anne K. Mellor, and Esther H. Schor, eds. The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond Frankenstein. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Print.

Fletcher, F.T.H. “Montesquieu and British Education in the Eighteenth Century.” The Modern Language Review 38.4 (October 1943): 298-306. JSTOR. Web. 25 October 2015.

Frankenstein’s Army. Dir. Richard Raaphorst. MPI Media Group, 2013. Film.

Freud, Sigmund. “The ‘Uncanny’.” Trans. James Strachey. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 1917-1919. Vol. 17. London: Vintage, 2001. Print. 24 vols.

Garrett, Peter K. Gothic Reflections: Narrative Force in Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003. Print.

Gigante, Denise. “The Monster in the Rainbow: Keats and the Science of Life.” PMLA 117.3 (May 2002): 433-48. JSTOR. Web. 17 April 2015.

Guillemeau, Jacques. Child-birth, or, The Happy Delivery of Women. Wherein is set downe the Government of Women. In the time: Of their breeding Childe: Of their Travaile, both Naturall, and contrary to Nature: And Of their lying in. London: Anne Griffin, 1635. HUSO. Web. 15 November 2015.

Harrington, Dana. “Gender, Commerce, and the Transformation of Virtue in Eighteenth-Century Britain.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 31.3 (Summer 2001): 33-52. JSTOR. Web. 16 October 2015.

Higgins, David. Frankenstein: Character Studies. New York: Continuum, 2008. Print.

Hirsch, David A. Hedrich. “Liberty, Equality, Monstrosity: Revolutionizing the Family inMary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen. Monster Theory: Reading Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1996. Print.

The Holy Bible. King James ed. Korea: Korean Bible Society, 2010. Print.

Hume, David. “Essays Moral, Political and Literary. Part 1: Of National Characters.” Ed. Mark C. Rooks. The Complete Works and Correspondence of David Hume. Charlottesville: InteLex, 1995. Intelex Past Masters. Web. 30 November 2015.

“Hybrid.” Def. A1. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 15 May 2016.

Ingram, Allan, Stuart Sim, Clark Lawlor, Richard Terry, John Baker, and Leigh Wetherall-Dickson. Melancholy Experience in Literature of the Long Eighteenth Century: Before Depression, 1660-1800. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

Kafka, Franz. Metamorphosis. Trans. David Wyllie. 20 May 2012. Web. 10 June 2015. <http://www.gutenberg.net>.

Kaminski, Gwenael, Slimane Dridi, Christian Graff, and Edouard Gentaz. “Human Ability to Detect Kinship in Strangers’ Faces: Effects of the Degree of Relatedness.” Proceedings: Biological Sciences 276.1670 (September 2009): 3193-3200. JSTOR. Web. 9 October 2015.

Lamb, John B. “Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Milton’s Monstrous Myth.” Nineteenth-Century Literature 47.3 (1992): 303-319. JSTOR. Web. 30 March 2015.

Levine, George and U.C. Knoepflmacher eds. The Endurance of ‘Frankenstein’. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. Print.

MacLachlan, Ian. “Humanitarian Reform, Slaughter Technology, and Butcher Resistance in Nineteenth-Century Britain.” Ed. Paula Young Lee. Meat, Modernity and the Rise of the Slaughterhouse. Durham, New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire Press, 2008. Print.

Malchow, H.L. “Frankenstein’s Monster and Images of Race in Nineteenth-Century Britain.” Past & Present 139 (May 1993): 90-130. JSTOR. Web. 28 May 2015.

Malebranche, Nicholas. The Search after Truth. Eds. and Trans. Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olscamp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.

Marshall, Florence A. Thomas, ed. The Life and Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. 2 vols. London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1889. Web. 9 December 2015.
<http://www.gutenberg.net>.

Marshall, Tim. Murdering to Dissect: Grave-robbing, Frankenstein and the anatomy of literature. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995. Print.

Massey, Lyle. “Pregnancy and Pathology: Picturing Childbirth in Eighteenth-Century Obstetric Atlases.” The Art Bulletin 87.1 (March 2005): 73-91. JSTOR. Web. 28 May 2015.

“Meat.” Def. 1a. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 23 November 2015.

“Melancholy.” Def. 3a. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 10 October 2015.

“Monster.” Def. 1a, 3a, 4a, 4b, 5, 6. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 5 December 2015.

Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. New York: Routledge, 1988. Print.

Milton, John. Paradise Lost. London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. Print.

Newton, John Frank. The Return to Nature or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen. London: J. McCreery Black-House Court, 1811. Web. 29 December 2015.

Newton, Sir Isaac. Opticks: or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light. 4th ed. London: Np, 1730. Web. 9 May 2016.

Niederbacher, Bruno. “The human soul: Augustine’s case for soul-body dualism.” Ed. David Vincent Meconi and Eleonore Stump. The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.

O’Rourke, James. “‘Nothing More Unnatural”: Mary Shelley’s Revision of Rousseau.” ELH 56.3 (1989): 543-569. JSTOR. Web. 03 June 2015.

Oswald. Dana M. Monsters, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval English Literature. Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer, 2010. Print.

Otter, Chris. “Civilizing Slaughter: The Development of the British Public Abattoir, 1850-1910.” Ed. Paula Young Lee. Meat, Modernity and the Rise of the Slaughterhouse. Durham, New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire Press, 2008. Print.

Perren, Richard. “Filth and Profit, Disease and Health: Public and Private Impediments to Slaughterhouse Reform in Victorian Britain.” Ed. Paula Young Lee. Meat, Modernity and the Rise of the Slaughterhouse. Durham, New Hampshire: University of New Hampshire Press, 2008. Print.

Peterfreund, Stuart. “Composing What May Not Be ‘Sad Trash’: A Reconsideration of Mary Shelley’s Use of Paracelsus in Frankenstein.” Studies in Romanticism 43.1 (2004): 79-98. EBSCO. Web. 1 April 2015.

Picart, Joan S. and John Edgar Browning, eds. Speaking of Monsters: A Teratological Anthology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print.

Pollin, Burton R. “Philosophical and Literary Sources of ‘Frankenstein’.” Comparative Literature 17.2 (1965): 97-108. Print.

Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Print.

Ramsay, James. An Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the British Sugar Colonies. Dublin: T. Walker, C. Jenkin, R. Marchbank, L. White, R. Burton, and P. Byrne, 1785. ECCO-HUSO. Web. 29 November 2015.

“Resurrect.” Def. 1a. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 16 June 2015.

Sanderson, Richard K. “Glutting the Maw of Death: Suicide and Procreation in ‘Frankenstein’.” South Central Review 9.2 (Summer 1992): 49-64. Print.

Schoene-Harwood, Berthold, ed. Mary Shelley: Frankenstein. Essays, Articles, Reviews. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. Print. Columbia Critical Guides.

Seymour, Miranda. Mary Shelley. London: Grove Press, 2000. Print.

Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein The 1818 Text. 1818 ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.
- -. Frankenstein. 1831 ed. New York: The Modern Library, 1999. Print.

Simonton, Deborah. “Women and Education.” Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850. Eds. Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print.

Small, Christopher. “Shelley and Frankenstein.” Ed. J. Paul Hunter. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Print.

“Soul.” Def. 1, 2a, 3a, 7a, 9a. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 16 June 2015.

Stott, Anne. “Women and Religion.” Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850. Eds. Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print.

Sullivan, Zohreh T. “Race, Gender, and Imperial Ideology: In the Nineteen Century.” Nineteenth-Century Contexts 13.1 (1989): 19-32. Taylor & Francis Online. Web. 3 October 2015.

Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989. Print.

Taylor, Charles, ed. Rev. of Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Literary Panorama 8.45 (June 1818): 411-414. ProQuest. Web. 8 April 2015.

Taylor, Thomas. A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes. London: Edward Jeffrey and Pall Mall, 1792. Web. 23 November 2015. <http://www.philaletheians.co.uk>

Thiel, Udo. “Religion and materialist metaphysics: Some aspects of the debate about the resurrection of the body in eighteenth-century Britain.” Ed. Ruth Savage. Philosophy and Religion in Enlightenment Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.

Todd, Janet and Marrilyn Butler, ed. The Works of Mary Wollstonecraft. Vol. 5. London: Pickering and Chatto, 1989. Past Masters: Full Text Humanities. Web. 25 May 2015. 7 vols.

“Victor.” Def. 1a. The Oxford English Dictionary. Web. 16 June 2015.

Watts, Michael. The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. Print.

Webb, Jessica. “Herculine Barbin: Human Error, Criminality and the Case of the Monstrous Hermaphrodite.” Ed. Holly Lynn Baumgartner and Roger Davis. Hosting the Monster. New York: Rodopi, 2008. 153-162. Print.

Wheeler, Roxann. “The Complexion of Desire: Racial Ideology and Mid-Eighteenth-Century British Novels.” Eighteenth-Century Studies. 31.3, (Spring 1999): 309-332. JSTOR. Web. 15 May 2016.

Williams, Chris. A Companion to 19th Century Britain. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. Print.

Williams, John. Mary Shelley: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan Press LTD, 2000. Print. Literary Lives.