臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的目標是了解2011年至2015年間在馬來西亞邊佳蘭的反石化運動。我想知道不同族裔和階級的人們如何又為何差異性的經驗和回應這個石化發展和環境變遷。本論文分成三個部分：第一，有關「計畫」的章節，我指出發展經濟學理論「中收入國家的陷阱」如何旅行到馬來西亞並影響其長期國家發展計畫。我論證馬來西亞政府提出的「新經濟模型/經濟轉型計畫」系統性排除鄉村農漁民、剝奪他們的土地和海洋，並且透過符合環境影響評估和土地徵收程序合法化整個過程。第二，有關「抵抗」的章節，我指出憲法定義為「非原住民」的鄉村馬來西亞華人如何利用大選前的政治緊要關頭，將執政黨強區的在地反石化民怨變成顛覆性的全國運動，運動的氣勢又如何因為行動者無法克服的結構困難而消散。第三，有關「後果」的章節，我考察抗爭之後國家和資本權力部署的空間向度，以及新的自然和社會空間如何影響人們和其生活選擇。本研究主張馬來西亞社會運動研究應該認真看待社會運動中族群、階級、環境三者交互作用的情形及其所構成的特殊機會和限制，並且不應該低估鄉村人群作為積極政治社會行動主體的潛力。

The aim of the study is to understand the anti-petroleum complex movement in Pengerang, Malaysia from 2011-2015. I am interested in how and why people of different ethnic and class backgrounds differentially experienced and responded to the petro-development and environmental change. The thesis is divided into three parts. First, in the “Planning” chapter, I show how the development economic theory of “middle-income trap” traveled to Malaysia and informed the long term national development plans of Malaysia. I argue that the “New Economic Model/Economic Transformation Programme” proposed by the Malaysian government systematically excluded rural farmers and fishermen, deprived them of their land and sea, and legitimated the process by conforming to environmental risk assessment and land expropriation procedures. Second, in the “Resistance” chapter, I show how the constitutionally defined “non-indigenous” rural Malaysian Chinese took advantage of the political conjuncture before a general election and turned some local anti-petroleum complex grievances in a ruling coalition’s stronghold into a toppling national movement, and how the momentum of the movement dissipated due to the structural constraints the actors failed to overcome. Third, in the “Consequence” chapter, I examine the spatial dimension of the state and capital’s deployment of power after the struggle, and how the new natural and social spaces affected people and their life choices. This study adds to the Malaysian social movement studies by suggesting that we should take the dialectic relationship between ethnicity, class, and environment in social movements more seriously and attend to the particular set of chances and limitations it poses, and that we should not underestimate rural population’s potential as active sociopolitical actors.

目錄
口試委員會審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 v
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究緣起和研究提問 1
第二節　文獻回顧 2
第三節　田野介紹和研究方法 8
第四節　章節安排 12
第二章　計畫 14
第一節　新經濟模型/經濟轉型計畫 15
第二節　石油、天然氣與能源產業 22
第三節　環境影響評估 27
第四節　土地徵收法令 32
第三章　抵抗 36
第一節　紅包和紅紙：不受歡迎的石化發展 36
第二節　自救聯盟和綠色走廊：以政治手段解決環境問題 42
第三節　暴風雨前的寧靜：去台行動、村內擾動 49
第四節　「政府要，沒辦法」：運動分裂、孤軍奮戰 53
第四章　後果 58
第一節　國家現身 59
第二節　資本現身 80
第三節　甘榜變色？ 87
第五章　結論 98
參考文獻 106

參考文獻
一、中文書目
王國璋（2014）〈真實與虛幻：馬來西亞華人公民地位與人權論述〉。刊於陳鴻瑜主編，《海外華人之公民地位與人權》，頁301-330。北市：華僑協會總會。
莫家浩（2015）〈未發表之田野筆記〉。私人通信。
蔡秀儂（2004）〈哥打丁宜華小發展史概論〉。馬來西亞南方學院中文系畢業論文。

二、英文書目
Appel, Hannah C.
──2012 Walls and White Elephants: Oil Extraction, Responsibility, and Infrastructural Violence in Equatorial Guinea. Ethnography 13(4):439-465.
Appel, Hannah, Arthur Mason, and Michael Watts (Eds.)
──2015 Subterranean estates: life worlds of oil and gas. Cornell University Press.
Barry, Andrew
──2013 Material politics: Disputes along the pipeline. John Wiley & Sons.
Benson, Peter and Stuart Kirsch
──2010 Capitalism and the Politics of Resignation. Current Anthropology 51(4):459-486.
Brosius, J. Peter
──1999 Green Dots, Pink Hearts: Displacing Politics from the Malaysian Rain Forest. American Anthropologists 101(1):36-57.
──2003a The Forest and the Nation: Negotiating Citizenship in Sarawak, East Malaysia. In Cultural Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: Nation and Belonging in the Hinterlands. Renato Rosaldo, ed. Pp.76-133. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
──2003b Voices for the Borneo Rain Forest: Writing the History of an Environmental Campaign. In Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia. Paul Greenough and Anna L. Tsing, eds. Pp.319-346. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Bunnell, Tim
──2004 Malaysia, modernity and the multimedia super corridor: a critical geography of intelligent landscapes. Routledge.
Bunnell, Tim, Sabitha Nagarajan, and Andrew Willford
──2010 From the margins to centre stage: ‘Indian’ demonstration effects in Malaysia’s political landscape. Urban Studies 47(6):1257-1278.
Case, William
──2005 Malaysia: new reforms, old continuities, tense ambiguities. The Journal of Development Studies, 41(2):284-309.
Checker, Melissa
──2007 “But I Know It’s True”: Environmental Risk Assessment, Justice, and Anthropology. Human Organization, 66(2):112-124.
Eccleston, Bernard
──1996a Does North‐South collaboration enhance NGO influence on deforestation policies in Malaysia and Indonesia? Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 34(1):66-89.
──1996b NGOs and competing representations of deforestation as an environmental issue in Malaysia. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 34(1):116-142.
Eccleston, Bernard and David Potter
──1996 Environmental NGOs and Different Political Contexts in South-East Asia: Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. In Environmental Change in South-East Asia: People, Politics and Sustainable Development. Mike J. G. Parnwell and Raymond L. Bryant, eds. Pp.49-66. London and New York: Routledge.
Escobar, Arturo
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──1997 Anthropology and development. International Social Science Journal 49(154): 497-515.
──1998 Whose Knowledge, Whose Nature? Biodiversity, Conservation, and the Political Ecology of Social Movements. Journal of political ecology 5(1):53-82.
──2008 Territories of Difference: place, movements, life, redes. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Ferguson, James
──1994 The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
──1997 Anthropology and its evil twin: development in the constitution of a discipline, In International Development and the Social Sciences. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard eds. University of California Press.
──2005 Seeing like an Oil Company: Space, Security, and Global Capital in Neoliberal Africa. American Anthropologist 107(3):377-382.
Fleker, Greg
──2015 Malaysia’s development strategies: governing distribution-through-growth. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia. Meridith L. Weiss ed. Routledge.
Foucault, Michel
──1982　The subject and power. Critical inquiry, 8(4), 777-795.
──1991 Governmentality. In The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller eds. University of Chicago Press.
Gill, Indermit Singh, Homi J. Kharas, and Deepak Bhattasali
──2007 An East Asian renaissance: ideas for economic growth. World Bank Publications.
Greenough, Paul and Anna L. Tsing (Eds.)
──2003 Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in South and Southeast Asia. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Guha, Ramachandra and Joan Martínez-Alier
──1997 Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South. London and New York: Routledge.
Gupta, Akhil
──1998 Postcolonial developments: Agriculture in the making of modern India. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Harvey, David
──2003 The new imperialism. Oxford University Press, USA.
──2005 Spaces of neoliberalization: towards a theory of uneven geographical development. Vol. 8. Franz Steiner Verlag.
Hefner, Robert W. (Ed.)
──2001 The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Hezri, Adnan A.
──2015 Mainstreaming environment and sustainable politics. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia. Meridith L. Weiss ed. Routledge.
Hezri, Adnan A. and M. Nordin Hasan
──2006 Towards sustainable development? The evolution of environmental policy in Malaysia. In Natural Resources Forum Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 37-50. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Hirsch, Philip, and Carol Warren (Eds.)
──1998 The politics of environment in Southeast Asia: resources and resistance. Psychology Press.
King, Victor T. (Ed.)
──1998 Environmental Challenges in South-East Asia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
Lefebvre, Henri
──1991 The production of space. Vol. 142. Blackwell: Oxford.
Levien, Michael
──2007 India’s double-movement: Polanyi and the National Alliance of People’s Movements. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 119-149.
──2012 The land question: special economic zones and the political economy of dispossession in India. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3-4):933-969.
──2013 The Politics of Dispossession Theorizing India’s “Land Wars”. Politics & Society, 41(3):351-394.
Li, Tania M.
──2007 The will to improve: Governmentality, development, and the practice of politics. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
──2011 Centering labor in the land grab debate. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2):281-298.
──2014 What is land? Assembling a resource for global investment. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(4):589-602.
Lopez, Leslie
──2012 Petronas: reconciling tensions between company and state. In Oil and Governance: state-owned enterprises and the world energy supply. Victor et al. eds. Cambridge University Press.
Martínez-Alier, Joan
──2002 The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, Massachusetts, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Memon, P. A.
──2000 Devolution of environmental regulation: environmental impact assessment in Malaysia. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 18(4): 283-293.
Nevins, Joseph and Nancy L. Peluso (Eds.)
──2008 Taking Southeast Asia to Market: Commodities, Nature, and People in the Neoliberal Age. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Nonini, Donald M.
──1998 “Chinese Society,” Coffee-Shop Talk, Possessing Gods: The Politics of Public Space among Diasporic Chinese in Malaysia. Positions, 6(2):439-473.
──2008 Processes of state, class and ethno-racial formation in urban Malaysia: Geo-spatial transformations and regime shifts 1970-2000. Anthropologica, 255-268.
──2015 “Getting By”: Class and State Formation among Chinese in Malaysia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Nor, Yahya M.
──1991 Problems and perspectives in Malaysia. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 11(2):129-142.
Ong, Aihwa
──1987 Spirits of resistance and capitalist discipline: Factory women in Malaysia. SUNY Press.
──1999 Flexible citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality. Duke University Press.
──2000 Graduated Sovereignty in South-East Asia. Theory, Culture & Society 17(4):55-75.
──2006 Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship and sovereignty. Duke University Press.
Ong, Aihwa, and Donald Nonini (Eds.)
──2003 Ungrounded empires: The cultural politics of modern Chinese transnationalism. London and New York: Routledge.
Ottinger, Gwen
──2013 Changing knowledge, local knowledge, and knowledge gaps STS insights into procedural justice. Science, Technology & Human Values, 38(2):250-270.
Parnwell, Mike and Raymond L. Bryant (Eds.)
──1996 Environmental Change in South-East Asia: People, Politics and Sustainable Development. London and New York: Routledge.
Ramakrishna, Sundari
──2003 The Environmental Movement in Malaysia. In Social Movements in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs. Meredith L. Weiss and Saliha Hassan, eds. Pp.115-139.
Rogers, Douglas
──2015 Oil and Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 44:365-380.
Rosaldo, Renato (Ed.)
──2003 Cultural Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: Nation and belonging in the hinterlands. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Sani, Sham
──1993 Environment and development in Malaysia: changing concerns and approaches. Centre for Environmental Studies at ISIS Malaysia.
Scott, James C.
──1987 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
──1998 Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
Thompson, Eric C.
──2004 Rural villages as socially urban spaces in Malaysia. Urban Studies, 41(12):2357-2376.
Tsing, Anna L.
──2005 Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Weiss, Meredith L. and Saliha Hassan (Eds.)
──2003　Social Movements in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
Weiss, Meredith L.
──2003 Malaysian NGOs: History, Legal Framework and Characteristics. In Social Movements in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs. Meredith L. Weiss and Saliha Hassan, eds. Pp.17-44. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
──2006 Protest and possibilities: Civil society and coalitions for political change in Malaysia. Stanford University Press.
Watts, Michael
──2005 Righteous oil? Human rights, the oil complex, and corporate social responsibility. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30:373-407.
──2012 A tale of two gulfs: life, death, and dispossession along two oil frontiers. American Quarterly, 64(3):437-467.
Willford, Andrew C.
──2006 Cage of freedom: Tamil identity and the ethnic fetish in Malaysia. NUS Press.
──2014 Tamils and the Haunting of Justice: History and Recognition in Malaysia''s Plantations. University of Hawaii Press.
Xavier, Grace
──2002 Land Acquisition in Malaysia. In Taking Land: Compulsory Purchase and Regulation of Land in Asian-Pacific Countries. Tsuyoshi Kotaka and David L. Callies eds. University of Hawaii Press.
Zerner, Charles (Ed.)
──2003　Culture and the Question of Rights: Forests, Coasts, and Seas in Southeast Asia. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.

三、世界銀行官方資料（網路版）
World Bank
──n.d. Malaysia Economic Monitor Reports http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia/publication/malaysia-economic-monitor-reports，2016/08/16上線取得。
──2009 Reposition for Growth http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/383361468088737863/Malaysia-economic-monitor-repositioning-for-growth，2016/08/16上線取得。

四、馬來西亞官方資料（網路版）
Department of Environment, Malaysia
──n.d. EIA Reports
http://www.doe.gov.my/eia/eia-reports/，2016/08/16上線取得。
Department of Statistics, Malaysia
──2010 Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics https://www.statistics.gov.my/mycensus2010/images/stories/files/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf，2016/08/16上線取得。
──2015 Malaysia Economic Statistics Time Series
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Johor Petroleum Development Corporation Berhad (JPDC)
──n.d. Two Figures on PIPC Website
http://www.jpdc.gov.my/development/pipc/，2016/08/16上線取得。
Performance Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU), Prime Minister’s Department
──2010 Economic Transformation Programme: A Roadmap for Malaysia http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/download_centre.aspx，2016/08/16上線取得。

五、新聞資料（網路版）
Astro Awani
──2013 〈Opposition scaring away investors causes RM40m loss - Ahmad Zahid〉 http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/opposition-scaring-away-investors-causes-rm40m-loss-ahmad-zahid-26471，2015/09/18上線取得。
Utusan
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中國報
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──2014 〈僅撥5000萬發展被忽略 華小撥款不足教總失望〉，http://www.chinapress.com.my/20141014/%E5%83%85%E6%92%A5%E8%90%AC%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%A2%AB%E5%BF%BD%E7%95%A5%E8%8F%AF%E5%B0%8F%E6%92%A5%E6%AC%BE%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E6%95%99%E7%B8%BD%E5%A4%B1/，2016/07/07上線取得。
──2014 〈邊佳蘭培正華小人情味濃 7學生上課不寂寞〉，http://www.chinapress.com.my/20140101/%E9%82%8A%E4%BD%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%B9%E6%AD%A3%E8%8F%AF%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%83%85%E5%91%B3%E6%BF%83%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8A%E8%AA%B2%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%82%E5%AF%9E/，2016/07/07上線取得。
──2014 〈邊佳蘭土著勿賣農耕地 大臣：州政府或設基金會回購〉，http://www.chinapress.com.my/20140519/%E9%82%8A%E4%BD%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97%E5%8B%BF%E8%B3%A3%E8%BE%B2%E8%80%95%E5%9C%B0%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E5%B7%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%96%E8%A8%AD%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83/，2016/07/12上線取得。
──2015 〈亞洲首座合作社模式城鎮 耗5億打造柏納哇〉，http://www.chinapress.com.my/20150907/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%A7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%9F%8E%E9%8E%AE%E8%80%97%E5%84%84%E6%89%93%E9%80%A0%E6%9F%8F%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%87/，2016/07/12上線取得。
光明日報
──2012 〈副揆向邊佳蘭人派定心丸 “石化工程帶動發展惠民”〉，http://www.guangming.com.my/node/154234，2016/06/25上線取得。
東方日報
──2014 〈要臨時校舍 大新家長拒共校〉，http://www.orientaldaily.com.my/south/nm56031，2016/07/07上線取得。
──2015 〈邊佳蘭石化綜合計劃受衝擊　2外國財團擬縮減投資〉，http://www.orientaldaily.com.my/nation/gn21442059，2016/07/12上線取得。
星洲日報
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──2012 〈邊佳蘭的培正學校〉，http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1283042，2016/07/07上線取得。
──2014 〈提供油氣培訓課程 畢達良3年財測下調〉，http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/423952，2016/07/12上線取得。
南洋商報
──2013 〈阿莎麗娜：支持率逾90% 邊佳蘭巫裔接受石化計劃〉，http://www.enanyang.my/news/20130519/%E8%8E%8E%E4%B8%BD%E5%A8%9C%EF%BC%9A%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%8E%87%E9%80%BE90%25%20%E8%BE%B9%E4%BD%B3%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%AB%E8%A3%94%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E7%9F%B3%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92/，2015/09/18上線取得。
──2016 〈JPDC與4造簽備忘錄 助投資邊佳蘭企業貸款〉，http://www.enanyang.my/news/20160624/jpdc%E4%B8%8E4%E9%80%A0%E7%AD%BE%E5%A4%87%E5%BF%98%E5%BD%95br-%E5%8A%A9%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E8%BE%B9%E4%BD%B3%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E8%B4%B7%E6%AC%BE/，2016/07/12上線取得。

六、其他網路資料
BLOG
余德華
──2012 〈專稿：反滅村運動：訴說從頭〉，http://erteckhwa.blogspot.tw/2012/05/blog-post_21.html，2016/08/16上線取得。
──2012 〈專稿：反滅村運動：成因與後果〉，http://erteckhwa.blogspot.tw/2012/05/blog-post_24.html，2016/08/16上線取得。
YOUTUBE
Angrylobster Pengerang
──2012 〈邊佳蘭義山聯合會首屆就職大會風波〉，https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klJAhNeQNMs，2016/08/16上線取得。
PETRONASOfficial
──2015 〈PETRONAS #AllAboutYouth People’s Choice Award 2015: Finalists〉， https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etkB54iwlmk，2016/07/07上線取得。