臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

有證據表明，基於價值的決策行為老年人採取比年輕人更大的風險尋求。在這樣的風險偏好的年齡差異與老年人在額葉語紋狀體區域用更少的選擇性神經處理有關。在這項研究中，我們調查的情緒回饋在年輕人和老年人決策行為和神經過程中所作的選擇的影響。在修改後的樂透選擇任務與功能磁共振成像實驗中，每次試驗的期望值由點數的大小以及贏得（或失敗）的概率組成。在每次試驗的選擇階段，參與者選擇接受或拒絕任務。接著呈現數值結果與情緒回饋，情緒回饋包括一致性情緒面部刺激（快樂- 贏，憤怒- 輸），不一致的情緒面部刺激（快樂- 輸，憤怒- 贏），或中性（中性- 贏，中性- 輸），這是受試者間設計。受試者執行一次中性回饋作為基線，三個與情緒性（或中性）的回饋，最後再一次中性回饋做為測試。年輕人儘管有情緒性回饋，平均接受率仍維持在基線上。但是老年人在一致性組接受率增加，不一致組接受率下降，而中性組維持原本情況。在情感回饋歷程，年輕的成人在雙側尾狀核，左側顳葉，腹內側前額葉，眼眶額葉這些區域神經活動增加，但老年人的神經活動則是減少。在雙側腦島，一致性回饋組年輕人比老年人表現出較高的神經反應，不一致的回饋組老年人比年輕人表現出更高的神經反應。跨基線的中性回饋運行比較，年輕人在選擇階段額葉活性降低，而老年人維持或增加額葉的反應。此外，左側上額葉對於期望值的靈敏度只老年人有關年輕人則無，且活性越高越冒險。我們的研究結果反映了年輕人與老年人分別對結果價值的低估與高估。重要的是，而年輕人的行為和神經的處理則較少受情緒回饋影響，老年人在價值為基礎的決策過程中有更多情緒對於風險偏好的影響。

Evidence shows that older adults adopt more risk-seeking value-based decision behaviors than younger adults. Such age differences in risk preferences have been associated with less selective neural processing in older adult frontostriatal regions. In this study, we investigated the influence of emotional feedback on choices made in young and older decision behaviors and neural processes. In a modified Lottery Choice Task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, magnitudes of points and probabilities of winning (or losing) the points comprised the expected value (EV) for each trial. Participants accepted or rejected the stakes during the choice phase of each trial. Feedback on numeric outcomes were then presented along with emotional facial stimuli that were either congruent (Happy-Win, Angry-Lose), incongruent (Happy-Lose, Angry- Win), or neutral (Neutral-Win, Neutral-Lose) to the numeric outcome in a betweensubjects design. Participants performed one baseline run with neutral feedback, three runs with emotional (or neutral) feedback, and one probe run with neutral feedback. Young adult mean trial acceptance rates were maintained across baseline and probe runs despite interim emotional feedback. However, older adult acceptance rates increased for the congruent group, decreased for the incongruent group, and remained stable for the neutral group. During emotional feedback, young adults increased neural activity but older adults
decreased neural activity in bilateral caudate, left temporal, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal areas. In bilateral insula, whereas young adults showed higher neural responses to congruent emotional feedback than older adults, older adults showed higher neural responses to incongruent feedback than younger adults. Across baseline and probe neutral runs, young adult decreased frontal responses during the choice phases whereas older adults either maintained or increased frontal activity. In addition, higher left superior frontal EV sensitivity correlated with greater risk-taking in older but not young adults. Our findings reflect an under- and over-estimation of outcome values in young and older adults, respectively. Critically, whereas young adult behavior and neural processing were less affected by emotional feedback, older adults were more malleable
to emotional influences on risk preferences during value-based decision-making.

Acknowledgement_______i
摘要_______ii
Abstract _______iii
Introduction _______1
Influencing value in decision-making……1
Prediction of expected value and prediction error in animal studies……4
Age differences in value-based decision-making……5
Value-based feedback learning and emotion effect in young and older adult humans……7
Hypothesis_______9
Method_______12
Participants……12
Emotional face stimuli……13
Lottery choice task stimuli and procedure……15
Behavioral analysis……17
Brain imaging data acquisition protocol……18
fMRI preprocessing and analysis……18
Results_______21
Behavioral results……21
Higher neural responses to emotional feedback in young than older adults……22
Age differently modulates emotional feedback response in insula……23
Frontal differences between young and older adults during choice processing……24
Discussion_______25
Older adult value-based decisions are more affected by emotional feedback……26
Age-related modulation of emotional feedback neural responses……29
Insula emotional feedback responses reflect age differences in outcome prediction……30
Age differences in frontal processing of choice……32
Conclusion……34
Reference_______35

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