臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來跨國公司的發展與興起，使得跨國公司已成為溫室氣體排放的重要來源，然而，跨國公司的溫室氣體排放始終未能獲得有效的管制。本文認為，基植於共同但有差別的原則的＜聯合國氣候變化綱要公約＞(UNFCCC)，以及個別地主國的不願及無力管制，都使得個別國家間對於跨國公司存有嚴重的管制落差；跨國公司又不屬於國際法的直接管制對象，溫室氣體排放課責機制也嚴重缺乏，因而無法對於排放大量溫室氣體的跨國公司進行有效管制。本文整理現行國際法體制下對於跨國公司的溫室氣體排放規範，其中包括UNFCCC、聯合國相關機制、以及＜經濟合作暨發展組織＞(OECD)，以及跨國公司的私管制，並歸納現行管制體系的特質及不足之處。本文的初步結論為，首先應充實管制跨國公司的內國法規範，然後在UNFCCC架構下強化針對跨國公司的管制，並提升各種層次的跨境溫室氣體管制合作，促進跨國公司的公私合作與技術發展；本文也試圖討論軟性規範為主的現行管制體系，以及是否可能建構直接管制跨國公司的國際法規範。本文認為，建構直接管制跨國公司的法規範將使得國家主權受到過度威脅，因而難以獲得國家的支持，而前述各種對於現有國際法體制的改革，已足以有效管制跨國公司的溫室氣體排放；本文亦認為應提升跨國公司在規範協商參與的角色，以發揮跨國公司在技術能力上的能力，並且以程序參與提升管制跨國公司的正當性；最後，本文建議應在共同但有差別原則之下，適度減少國家之間的管制落差，方是切實有效管制跨國公司溫室氣體排放的方式。

The rapid rise of transnational corporations (TNC) in recent years has made them the major sources of greenhouse gas emission. However, this situation has not been effectively controlled and regulated for a considerable amount of time. In this paper, the author argues that the obstacles for regulating the TNCs under the present international law system are embedded in the “Common but differentiated responsibilities” principle of the “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (UNFCCC). Furthermore, the problem also originated from the unwillingness and the inability of individual countries for controlling TNCs’ greenhouse gas emission. These factors above are all contributors to the widening gap in countries regulating the TNCs. TNCs are not the parties to be directly regulated under international law. At the same time, the liability mechanism is also absent; therefore, international law lacks the tools for regulating the TNCs’ greenhouse gas emission effectively. In this article, the author assesses the international law regulatory mechanisms on controlling the TNCs’ greenhouse gas emission - including UNFCC, United Union related mechanisms, the OECD, as well as the self-regulations of the TNCs as a group or individually. The essay will discuss on these topics above and then critically identify the shortcomings on the present system. The primary conclusion of the essay is on stressing the regulation of individual countries for controlling TNCs’ greenhouse gas emission. Reinforcing the regulation of TNCs in UNFCCC and the multilateral regulation and cooperation would also be required. The author argue that it is unlikely that states will agree to build the obligations of mitigation to TNCs backed by an international enforcement mechanism, and it is not necessary to do that. Moreover, the participatory role of the TNCs on the task of reducing greenhouse gas emission must increase, as to facilitate the technological resources of the TNCs so as to consolidate the legitimacy on regulating the TNCs. Lastly, the author suggests that under the “Common but differentiated responsibilities” principle, decreasing the regulatory gaps between countries is the most practical method of controlling the TNCs’ greenhouse gas emission.

目錄
第一章 前言 1
1.1 問題意識 1
1.2 文獻回顧 3
1.3 研究方法 5
第二章 氣候變遷與跨國公司：以溫室氣體排放管制為中心 8
2.1 氣候變遷議題之發展及特性 8
2.1.1 氣候變遷議題之發展 8
2.1.2 氣候變遷議題之特性 11
2.1.2.1 排放源的複雜多元以及跨越國界 11
2.1.2.2 氣候變遷的影響範圍以及程度 15
2.1.2.3 經濟利益與政治的競逐與衝突 16
2.1.2.3.1 經濟利益的競逐 16
2.1.2.3.2 南北對抗與歷史責任 18
2.1.3 溫室氣體排放管制的特殊性 20
2.1.3.1 高度不確定性而需決策於未知 20
2.1.3.2 多層次以及跨國治理的需求 21
2.2 跨國公司 22
2.2.1 跨國公司之定義與範圍 22
2.2.2. 跨國公司之經營模式以及產業 27
2.3 跨國公司在溫室氣體管制所扮演之角色 28
2.3.1 跨國公司的溫室氣體排放 28
2.3.2. 影響跨國公司面對氣候變遷問題的基本態度 30
2.3.3 跨國公司對於跨國規範的影響 31
2.3.3.1 跨國公司對於UNFCCC的決策參與 31
2.3.3.2 氣候變遷否定論（Climate Change Denial）的贊助者 35
2.3.3.3 管制的倡議者 38
2.3.3.4 阻止氣候變遷相關政策及協議 40
2.3.3.5跨國公司的技術的革新 41
2.3.4 小結：當跨國公司遇上氣候變遷議題 43
2.4 管制跨國公司溫室氣體排放之基本議題 45
2.4.1 傳統環境法領域對於跨國公司的管制 45
2.4.2 管制跨國公司的難題 46
2.4.2.1 個別國家管制的落差 46
2.4.2.2 跨國公司溫室氣體排放課責的困難與機制的缺乏48
2.4.2.3 共同但有區別的責任導致的管制落差 49
2.4.3 管制跨國公司溫室氣體排放困難之綜合分析 52
第三章 跨國公司及國際社群對於溫室氣體排放管制之回應 54
3.1 管制跨國公司的溫室氣體排放的幾種規範可能性 54
3.1.1 ＜聯合國氣候變化綱要公約＞對跨國公司之管制 54
3.1.2 其他聯合國機制對跨國公司的管制 57
3.1.3 OECD對於跨國公司之管制 61
3.2 跨國公司對於溫室氣體管制之努力：跨國私管制的興起 65
3.3現行跨國公司及國際組織之回應綜合分析 74
3.3.1 以軟性規範為基礎的規範模式 75
3.3.2 國際組織管制規範的空泛及缺乏課責機制 76
3.3.3 豐富雜沓的跨國公司私管制規範 77
3.3.4 小結 78
3.4 結論 78
第四章 跨國公司溫室氣體排放管制之建議 81
4.1 管制跨國公司的規範革新 81
4.1.1 充實管制跨國公司的內國法規範 81
4.1.2 在UNFCCC架構下強化針對跨國公司的管制 88
4.1.3 提升各種層次的跨境溫室氣體管制合作 91
4.1.4 公私合作與技術發展 96
4.2 重構管制跨國公司規範的可能 97
4.2.1 重新思考軟性規範為主的現行管制體系 97
4.2.2 直接管制跨國公司的國際法規範？ 100
4.3 提升跨國公司在規範協商、實踐參與的角色 106
4.4 小結 109
第五章 結論 113
參考文獻 116

參考文獻

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專書論文
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研究報告
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