臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

創新為企業帶來競爭優勢。企業僱用的人員是創新的重要因子。僱員的變化對創新會帶來正面或負面的影響。因此，本研究試圖分析公司員工的變化與創新績效之間的關係。為了做更深入的分析，我們採用兩個不同觀點來探討員工變動：員工與社會網絡。

員工流動率描述了員工的數值變化。之前的研究發現員工流動率率可能與公司的創新有倒U曲線的線性關係，但這些研究大多無法給出有力的實證證據。在我們的研究，離職率與創新的倒U曲線的線性關係得到了實證證明。因此，我們建議為了獲得好的創新表現, 企業應該找到最佳的員工流動率。

社會網絡的角度利用網絡中心性來衡量員工的移動所帶來的公司的網絡影響力。本研究發現員工的移動所帶來的公司的網絡中心性和中介中心與公司創新有顯著的正向關係。我們建議企業儘量從不同的行業與公司聘用人才, 以提高企業創新能力。

Innovation can give competitive advantage for the company to stay in the business and employee is one of the mechanisms that can affect innovation in the company. Changes of employees can bring either positive or negative impact on innovation performance. Therefore, this study tries to analyze relationship between employee changes and innovation performances in a company. In order to do more in-depth analysis, we consider 2 perspectives of employee changes that can affect innovation: turnover rate and social network perspective.

Turnover rate perspective used numerical changes of employee in the company. Prior studies found that the turnover rate may form an inverted-U curve-linear relationship with company innovation, but most of these studies cannot give strong evidence for the relationship. In our study, the results show that turnover rate significantly form inverted-U curve-linear relationship with innovation. Therefore, we suggest that companies should find a balanced value for their turnover rate to get the highest return in innovation.

Social network perspective used network centrality to measure the company’s network influence in employee movement. We hypothesize that network centrality can affect the talent acquisition process and innovation in the company. Past studies found that alliances among companies can affect innovation and betweenness centrality may moderate relationship between employee turnover and innovation. This study results show that closeness and betweenness centralities have significant positive relationship with innovation. Considering the result, we suggest that companies should improve social influence in employee network in order to attract talents and increase company innovation.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses 5
2.1 Innovation 5
2.2 Employee Movement 9
2.3 Social Network 17
Chapter 3. Research Methodology 20
3.1 Data Source 20
3.1.1 World Intellectual Property Organization 20
3.1.2 Talentale 23
3.1.3 Forbes Global 2000 25
3.2 Software 26
3.3 Social Network Measure Extraction 27
3.4 Statistical Analysis 30
Chapter 4. Results 34
4.1 Companies with High Centrality 34
4.2 Relationship Test Results 36
4.2.1 Turnover rate and patent result 37
4.2.2 Centrality and Patent relationship result 40
Chapter 5. Summary and Discussion 41
5.1 Summary of Findings 41
5.2 Discussion of Results and implications 42
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Study 44
References 47

Abernathy, W. J., & Utterback, J. M. (1978). Patterns of Industrial Innovations. Technology Review, 64, 254-228.
Ahuja, G. (2000). Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study. Administrative science quarterly, 45(3), 425-455.
Balkundi, P., & Kilduff, M. (2006). The ties that lead: a social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(4), 419-39.
Bares, A. (2014, 02 05). 2013 Turnover rates by industry. Retrieved from Compensation Force: http://www.compensationforce.com/2014/02/2013-turnover-rates-by-industry.html
Basberg, B. L. (1982). Technological Change in the Norwegian Whaling Industry: A Case Study in the Use of Patent Statistics as a Technology Indicator. Research Policy, 11(3), 163-171.
Branham, L. (2000). Keeping the People Who Keep You in Business. New York: American Management Association.
Bureau of Labor Statistics , U. (2014, September 18). US Bureau of Labor Statistics Employee Tenure Summary. Retrieved from US Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr0.htm
Comanor, W. S., & Scherer, F. M. (1969). Patent Statistics as a Measure of Technical. Journal of Political Economy, 77, 392-398.
Dalton, D. R., & Todor, W. D. (1979). Turnover turned over: An expanded and positive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 4(2), 225-235.
Dalton, D. R., Todor, W. D., & Krackhardt, D. M. (1982). Turnover overstated: The functional taxonomy. Academy of Management Journal, 7(1), 117-123.
De Geus, A. P. (1988). Planning as learning. Harvard Business Review, 66(2), 70-74.
Dias, L. P. (2012). Beginning Management of Human Resourcesv. 1.0. Unnamed Publisher.
Egan, T. M., Yang, B., & Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The Effects of Organizational Learning Culture and Job Satisfaction on Motivation to Transfer Learning and Turnover Intention. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(3), 279-301.
Eriksson, T., Zhihua, Q., & Wenjing, W. (2014, September). Firm-level innovation activity, employee turnover and HRM. China Economic Review, 30, 583–597.
Ettlie, J. E. (1985). The impact of interorganizational manpower flows on the innovation process. Management Science, 31(9), 1055-1071.
Gemünden, H. G., Heydebreck, P., & Herden, R. (1992). Technological interweavement: a means of achieving innovation success. R and D Management, 22(4), 359.
Glebbeek, A. C., & Bax, E. H. (2004). Is High Employee Turnover Really Harmful? an Empirical Test using Company Records. Academy of Management, 47(2), 277-286.
Guidice, R. M., Heames, J. T., & Wang, S. (2009). The indirect relationship between organizational-level knowledge worker turnover and innovation: an integrated application of related literature. The Learning Organization, 16(2), 143-167.
Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A. B., & Trajtenberg, M. (2001). The NBER patent citation data file: Lessons, insights and methodological tools. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Henderson, R., & Cockburn, I. (1994). Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects. Strategic Management Journal, 15(S1), 63-84.
Johnson, C. (2015). Reference for Business. Retrieved from Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed. : Employee Turnover: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Eco-Ent/Employee-Turnover.html
Jones, D. (2005, April 18). Let people know where they stand, Welch says. Retrieved from USA Today: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/educate/college/careers/Advice/advice4-18-05.htm
Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Van Rooy, D. L., Steilberg, R. C., & Cerrone, S. (2006). Sure everyone can be replaced . . . but at what cost? Turnover as a predictor of unit-level performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 133-144.
Knoke, D., & Kuklinski, J. H. (1982). Network analysis. Sage University paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 7-28.
Otte, E., & Rousseau, R. (2002). Social network analysis: a powerful strategy, also for the information sciences. Journal of information science, 28(6), 441-453.
Rash, M. C. (2005). Restructuring raises patent fees, could hinder startups. Business Journal Serving the Greater Triad Area.
Salomon, R. M., & Shaver, J. M. (2005). Learning by Exporting: New Insights. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 14(2), 431-460.
Scherer, F. M. (1965). Firm Size, Market Structure, Opportunity and the Output of Patented Inventions. American Economic Review, 55(5), 1097–1125.
Schilling, M. A., & Phelps, C. C. (2007). Interfirm Collaboration Networks: The Impact of Large-Scale Network Structure on Firm Innovation. Management Science, 53(7), 1113-1126.
Shaw, J. D., Duffy, M. K., Johnson, J. L., & Lockhart, D. E. (2005). Turnover, social capital losses, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 594-606.
Ton, Z., & Huckman, R. S. (2008). Managing the Impact of Employee Turnover on Performance: The Role of Process Conformance. Organizarion Science, 19(1), 56-68.
Urabe, K., Child, J., & Kagono, T. (1988). Innovation and Management: International Comparison. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter studies in organization.
USPTO. (2012). Performance and Accountability Report: fiscal year 2012. United States: United States Patent and Trademark Office.
USPTO. (2015, December 31). United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents Dashboard. Retrieved from United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/corda/dashboards/patents/main.dashxml?CTNAVID=1004
WIPO. (2015, 10 19). About Us: World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved from World Intellectual Property Organization Web Site: http://ipstats.wipo.int/ipstatv2/keyBarChart
WIPO. (2016, 2 26). WIPO Patents. Retrieved from World Intellectual Property Organization Web Site: http://www.wipo.int/patents/en/