臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文著重於電動車雙向充放電與V2G應用之雙向串聯諧振式無線能量傳輸系統的分析、設計與實作。本論文首先簡單介紹無線能量傳輸之基本原理，並總結與分析無線能量傳輸所使用之弱耦合線圈的等效電路模型，以及串聯諧振式無線能量傳輸系統工作在不同頻率點的特性。

本論文中提出一套設計流程，依照此流程進行設計，可確保串聯諧振式無線能量傳輸系統在所指定的耦合係數變化範圍、負載範圍以及所允許的變頻範圍內可以穩定可靠工作。最後實作完成一組3 kW雙向無線能量傳輸系統原型機，此原型機滿載、210 mm氣隙時效率約可達96%，於滿載、250 mm氣隙時效率約可達95%。

This thesis focuses on the analysis, design and implementation of wireless power transfer (WPT) system with bidirectional power transfer capability for electric vehicle charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) application based on series-series resonant compensation topology. Firstly, a brief introduction to basic principles of WPT is given and the equivalent circuit models of loosely coupled coils for WPT application are reviewed and analyzed. Then the characteristics of series-series compensated WPT system at different operating points are analyzed.

A design method that can guarantee reliable operation of series-series compensated WPT system under given coupling coefficient variation range, load range and allowed operating frequency range is proposed in this thesis. Finally, a prototype 3 kW WPT system with bidirectional power transfer capability is built and tested. The prototype efficiency is 96% under full load and 210 mm coil separation and 95% under full load and 250 mm coil separation.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖索引 vii
表索引 xii
符號索引 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 無線能量傳輸系統簡介與分類 2
1.3 磁場耦合式無線能量傳輸系統之基本原理與概念 6
第二章 無線能量傳輸線圈之等效模型分析 9
2.1 耦合電感模型 9
2.2 變壓器模型 11
2.3 耦合電感模型與變壓器模型之互換推導 12
第三章 串聯諧振式無線能量傳輸系統工作點分析與選擇 15
3.1 串聯諧振式無線能量傳輸系統基本原理 15
3.2 基本波近似法 17
3.3 基於耦合電感模型之工作區間分析與選擇 19
3.3.1 工作於零相位角點 20
3.3.2 工作於固定增益點 22
3.4 基於變壓器模型之工作區間分析與選擇 23
3.5 電感、電容性區分界與分岔現象 26
3.6 輸出穩壓方式與控制方式比較 28
3.6.1 前置轉換器控制 29
3.6.2 頻率調變 30
第四章 設計考量與設計實例 33
4.1 提高效率之設計考量 33
4.2 氣隙變動之設計考量與實例 35
第五章 實作驗證 41
5.1 設計目標與規格 41
5.2 參數設計流程 42
5.3 電路與控制迴路設計 46
5.3.1 功率級電路設計考量 46
5.3.2 控制與回授 49
5.3.3 線圈與諧振槽規格 50
5.4 實驗結果 55
第六章 結論與未來展望 68
6.1 結論 68
6.2 未來展望 69
參考文獻 70

[1]B. Berseneff et al., "The Significance of Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Generation and The Role of Instrumentation and Measurement," in IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 34-40, April 2014
[2]N. Li and K. W. Hedman, "Economic Assessment of Energy Storage in Systems With High Levels of Renewable Resources," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1103-1111, July 2015.
[3]Z. Ma, A. Pesaran, V. Gevorgian, D. Gwinner and W. Kramer, "Energy Storage, Renewable Power Generation, and The Grid: NREL Capabilities Help to Develop and Test Energy-Storage Technologies," in IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 30-40, Sept. 2015.
[4]W. F. Pickard, "Smart Grids Versus The Achilles' Heel of Renewable Energy: Can the Needed Storage Infrastructure Be Constructed Before The Fossil Fuel Runs Out?," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 1094-1105, July 2014
[5]D. Manz, R. Piwko and N. Miller, "Look Before You Leap: The Role of Energy Storage in The Grid," in IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 75-84, July-Aug. 2012.
[6]R. Yu, W. Zhong, S. Xie, C. Yuen, S. Gjessing and Y. Zhang, "Balancing Power Demand Through EV Mobility in Vehicle-to-Grid Mobile Energy Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 79-90, Feb. 2016.
[7]Y. Ma, T. Houghton, A. Cruden and D. Infield, "Modeling the Benefits of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology to a Power System," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 1012-1020, May 2012.
[8]M. Brenna, F. Foiadelli and M. Longo, "The Exploitation of Vehicle-to-Grid Function for Power Quality Improvement in a Smart Grid," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 2169-2177, Oct. 2014.
[9]U. C. Chukwu and S. M. Mahajan, "V2G Parking Lot With PV Rooftop for Capacity Enhancement of a Distribution System," in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 119-127, Jan. 2014.
[10]S. Han, S. Han and K. Sezaki, "Estimation of Achievable Power Capacity From Plug-in Electric Vehicles for V2G Frequency Regulation: Case Studies for Market Participation," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 632-641, Dec. 2011.
[11]P. Hu, Wireless/Contactless Power Supply: - Inductively Coupled Resonant Converter Solutions. VDM-Verlag, 2009.
[12]Mayordomo, T. Dräger, P. Spies, J. Bernhard and A. Pflaum, "An Overview of Technical Challenges and Advances of Inductive Wireless Power Transmission," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1302-1311, June 2013.
[13]F. Musavi and W. Eberle, "Overview of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging," in IET Power Electronics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 60-66, January 2014.
[14]C. Qiu, K. T. Chau, C. Liu and C. C. Chan, "Overview Of Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Charging," Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27), 2013 World, Barcelona, 2013, pp. 1-9.
[15]G. A. Covic and J. T. Boys, "Inductive Power Transfer," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1276-1289, June 2013.
[16]M. Hutin and M. Leblanc, "Transformer System for Electric Railways, " U.S. patent 527,857, Oct. 23, 1894.
[17]D. Bululukova and M. Kramer, "Application of Existing Wireless Power Transfer Standards in Automotive Applications," 2014 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Vienna, 2014, pp. 863-864.
[18]J. H. Kim et al., "Development of 1-MW Inductive Power Transfer System for a High-Speed Train," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 6242-6250, Oct. 2015
[19]R. Haldi and K. Schenk, "A 3.5 kW Wireless Charger for Electric Vehicles with Ultra High Efficiency," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014 IEEE, Pittsburgh, PA, 2014, pp. 668-674.
[20]C. Park, S. Lee, G. H. Cho and C. T. Rim, "Innovative 5-m-Off-Distance Inductive Power Transfer Systems With Optimally Shaped Dipole Coils," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 817-827, Feb. 2015.
[21]B. H. Choi, E. S. Lee, J. H. Kim and C. T. Rim, "7m-Off-Long-Distance Extremely Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems Using Dipole Coils," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014 IEEE, Pittsburgh, PA, 2014, pp. 858-563.
[22]M. Kline. "Capacitive Power Transfer" [Online], Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, CA, 2010.Available:http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/
techreports/ucb/text/EECS-2010-155.pdf[March,17 2016]
[23]M. P. Theodoridis, "Effective Capacitive Power Transfer," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 4906-4913, Dec. 2012.
[24]C. Y. Xia, C. W. Li and J. Zhang, "Analysis of Power Transfer Characteristic of Capacitive Power Transfer System And Inductively Coupled Power Transfer System," Mechatronic Science, Electric Engineering and Computer (MEC), 2011 International Conference on, Jilin, 2011, pp. 1281-1285.
[25]H. Funato, H. Kobayashi and T. Kitabayashi, "Analysis of Transfer Power of Capacitive Power Transfer System," Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on, Kitakyushu, 2013, pp. 1015-1020.
[26]S. Goma .(Nov 2012)."Capacitive Coupling Powers Transmission Module", Asia Electronics Industry (AEI) [Online], November 2012, pp. 20-23. Available: http://www.murata.com/~/media/webrenewal/
about/newsroom/tech/power/wptm/ta1291.ashx [March,17 2016]
[27]W. C. Brown, "The History of Power Transmission by Radio Waves," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1230-1242, Sep 1984.
[28]W. C. Brown, "The Technology and Application of Free-Space Power Transmission by Microwave Beam," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 11-25, Jan. 1974
[29]H. Matsumoto, "Research on Solar Power Satellites and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan," in IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 36-45, Dec 2002.
[30]S. Sasaki, K. Tanaka and K. i. Maki, "Microwave Power Transmission Technologies for Solar Power Satellites," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1438-1447, June 2013.
[31]R. M. Dickinson, "Performance of a High-Power, 2.388-GHz Receiving Array in Wireless Power Transmission Over 1.54 km," Microwave Symposium, 1976 IEEE-MTT-S International, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA, 1976, pp. 139-141.
[32]S. D. Jarvis, J. Mukherjee, M. Perren and S. J. Sweeney, "Development and Characterisation of Laser Power Converters for Optical Power Transfer Applications," in IET Optoelectronics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 64-70, April 2014.
[33]Sahai and D. Graham, "Optical Wireless Power Transmission at Long Wavelengths," Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), 2011 International Conference on, Santa Monica, CA, 2011, pp. 164-170.
[34]C. S. Wang, G. A. Covic and O. H. Stielau, "Power Transfer Capability and Bifurcation Phenomena of Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 148-157, Feb. 2004.
[35]B. Esteban, M. Sid-Ahmed and N. C. Kar, "A Comparative Study of Power Supply Architectures in Wireless EV Charging Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 6408-6422, Nov. 2015.
[36]S. Wang and D. Dorrell, "Review of Wireless Charging Coupler for Electric Vehicles," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Vienna, 2013, pp. 7274-7279.
[37]S. Wang and D. G. Dorrell, "Loss Analysis of Circular Wireless EV Charging Coupler," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 1-4, Nov. 2014.
[38]S. Lukic and Z. Pantic, "Cutting the Cord: Static and Dynamic Inductive Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 57-64, Sept. 2013.
[39]C. S. Wang, O. H. Stielau and G. A. Covic, "Design Considerations For a Contactless Electric Vehicle Battery Charger," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1308-1314, Oct. 2005.
[40]Pevere, R. Petrella, C. C. Mi and Shijie Zhou, "Design of a high efficiency 22 kW wireless power transfer system for EVs fast contactless charging stations," Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2014 IEEE International, Florence, 2014, pp. 1-7.
[41]S. Li and C. C. Mi, "Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-17, March 2015.
[42]J. Moradewicz and M. P. Kazmierkowski, "Contactless Energy Transfer System With FPGA-Controlled Resonant Converter," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 3181-3190, Sept. 2010.
[43]Y. H. Kim and K. H. Jin, "Design and Implementation of a Rectangular-Type Contactless Transformer," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 5380-5384, Dec. 2011.
[44]M. Ryu, H. Cha, Y. Park and J. Back, "Analysis of The Contactless Power Transfer System Using Modelling and Analysis of The Contactless Transformer," Industrial Electronics Society, 2005. IECON 2005. 31st Annual Conference of IEEE, Raleigh, NC, 2005, pp. 7
[45]D. Thenathayalan and J. H. Park, "Wide-Air-Gap Transformer Model for the Design-Oriented Analysis of Contactless Power Converters," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 6345-6359, Oct. 2015.
[46]Z. U. Zahid et al., "Modeling and Control of Series–Series Compensated Inductive Power Transfer System," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 111-123, March 2015.
[47]C. Zheng et al., "High-Efficiency Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Application," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 65-74, March 2015.
[48]R. Chen et al., "Analysis and Parameters Optimization of a Contactless IPT System for EV Charger," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2014 Twenty-Ninth Annual IEEE, Fort Worth, TX, 2014, pp. 1654-1661.
[49]Y. Kawaguchi and M. Yamada, "Experimental Evaluation of a 3-Kw High-Efficiency Inductive Contactless Power Transfer (IPCT) System For Electric Vehicles," 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'14-ECCE Europe),26-28 Aug. 2014
[50]E. Brenner and M. Javid, Analysis of Electric Eircuits. McGraw-Hill, 1967.
[51]G. Buja, M. Bertoluzzo and K. N. Mude, "Design and Experimentation of WPT Charger for Electric City Car," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 7436-7447, Dec. 2015.
[52]W. Zhang, S. C. Wong, C. K. Tse and Q. Chen, "Design for Efficiency Optimization and Voltage Controllability of Series–Series Compensated Inductive Power Transfer Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 191-200, Jan. 2014.
[53]W. Zhang, S. C. Wong, C. K. Tse and Q. Chen, "Analysis and Comparison of Secondary Series- and Parallel-Compensated Inductive Power Transfer Systems Operating for Optimal Efficiency and Load-Independent Voltage-Transfer Ratio," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2979-2990, June 2014.
[54]W. Zhang, S. C. Wong, C. K. Tse and Q. Chen, "Load-Independent Duality of Current and Voltage Outputs of a Series- or Parallel-Compensated Inductive Power Transfer Converter With Optimized Efficiency," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 137-146, March 2015.
[55]S. Y. Cho, I. O. Lee, S. Moon, G. W. Moon, B. C. Kim and K. Y. Kim, "Series-Series Compensated Wireless Power Transfer at Two Different Resonant Frequencies," ECCE Asia Downunder (ECCE Asia), 2013 IEEE, Melbourne, VIC, 2013, pp. 1052-1058.
[56]M. Kazimierczuk and D. Czarkowski, Resonant Power Converters, Wiley, 1995.
[57]C. S. Wang, G. A. Covic and O. H. Stielau, "General Stability Criterions for Zero Phase Angle Controlled Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems," Industrial Electronics Society, 2001. IECON '01. The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Denver, CO, 2001, pp. 1049-1054 vol.2.
[58]Q. Chen, L. Jiang, J. Hou, Xiaoyong Ren and Xinbo Ruan, "Research on Bidirectional Contactless Resonant Converter for Energy Charging Between EVs," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Vienna, 2013, pp. 1236-1241.
[59]J. y. Lee, K. m. Yoo, B. S. Jung, B. s. Chae and J. K. Seo, "Large Air-Gap 6.6 Kw Wireless EV Charger with Self-Resonant PWM," in Electronics Letters, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 459-461, March 13 2014.
[60]Fairchild Semiconductor. (Jul 2015.)."AN-5235 650V Fast Recovery SuperFET® II MOSFET for High System Efficiency and Reliability in Resonant Topologies" [Online]. Avaliable:https://www.fairchild
semi.com/application-notes/AN/AN-5235.pdf [May 17, 2016]
[61]Fairchild Semiconductor. (Dec 2014.)."FCH072N60F N-Channel SuperFET® II FRFET® MOSFET" [Online]. Avaliable:https://www.
fairchildsemi.com/datasheets/FC/FCH072N60F.pdf[May 17, 2016]
[62]Fairchild Semiconductor. (Aug 2014.)."FCH072N60 N-Channel SuperFET® II MOSFET" [Online]. Avaliable:https://www.fairchild
semi.com/datasheets/FC/FCH072N60.pdf[May 17, 2016]
[63]Fairchild Semiconductor. (Dec 2014.)."AN-6076 Design and Application Guide of Bootstrap Circuit for High-Voltage Gate-Drive IC" [Online]. Avaliable:https://www.fairchildsemi.com/application-
notes/AN/AN-6076.pdf[May 17, 2016]
[64]International Rectifier. "Using Monolithic High Voltage Gate Drivers" [Online]. Avaliable:http://www.irf.com/technical-info/desig
ntp/dt04-4.pdf [May 17, 2016]
[65]Silicon labs (Apr 2015.). "Si823x 0.5 AND 4.0 Amp ISODrivers (2.5 AND 5KV RMS)"[Online]. Avaliable:https://www.silabs.com/
Support Documents/TechnicalDocs/Si823x.pdf[May 17, 2016]