臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人造輕粒料(LWA)的生產係直接利用粉煤灰及磨細高爐礦渣（爐石）以鹼激冷結方式生產並添加水泥。鹼性活化劑溶液採用氫氧化鈉為唯一凝固劑。使用冷結型輕質粒料作為粗骨料製造自充填混凝土。本研究的主要目的是探討添加稻殼灰對冷結輕質粒料自充填混凝土性能的影響。 本研究觀察LWA和SCLWAC特性 。研究結果顯示，輕粒料的單點壓碎強度範圍28天時在10.4-12.8Mpa範圍。輕粒料的單位重介於1001~1095kg/m3之間。新拌自充填輕質粒料混凝土單位重約2000kg/m3，56天抗壓強度範圍落在32.7-64.7Mpa。研究結果也表明了使用最多20%的稻殼灰取代水泥，能夠得到較佳的混凝土強度與耐久性能。

Artificial lightweight aggregate (LWA) was produced by using the binary of fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by the cold bonding method without cement additives. Alkaline activator solution (only sodium hydroxide) was the wetting agent acting as a coagulant. Self-consolidating concrete was produced by cold bonded lightweight aggregate as coarse aggregate. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of adding residual rice husk ash (RHA) on properties of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete (SCLWAC). The properties of LWA and SCLWAC were investigated. The crushing strength of LWA was in the range of 10.4-12.8 MPa at 28 days. The unit weight of LWA ranged from 1001-1095 kg/m^3. The fresh properties of SCLWAC with unit weight around 2000kg/m^3.

論文摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
List of tables viii
List of figures ix
Notations and symbols xii
Chapter 1- Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 The objectives 4
1.3 The flow chart of a research 5
Chapter 2- Literature review 7
2.1 Overview of using pozzolanic material in concrete industry 7
2.2 Overview the manufacture lightweight aggregate by fly ash 9
2.3 Overview of application cold bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate in lightweight concrete and self-consolidating concrete 13
Chapter 3- Materials and experimental work 24
3.1 Materials 24
3.11 Portland Cement 24
3.1.2 Pozzolanic materials 24
3.1.3 Crushed sand 24
3.1.4 Superplasticizer 24
3.1.5 Sodium hydroxide 25
3.2 Manufacturing of cold-bonded lightweight aggregate 26
Stage-1: Granulation process 27
Stage 2: Final products and curing condition 28
Stage 3: Sorting 28
3.3 Specific gravity and water absorption 28
3.4 Unit weight 29
3.5 Crushing strength 29
3.6 Production of self-consolidating concrete 31
3.6.1 Densified mixture design algorithm method for SCC 31
3.6.2 Standard operating procedure (SOP) for lightweight aggregate self-consolidating concrete mixing 38
3.7 The workability of fresh lightweight self-consolidating concrete 39
3.7.1 Slump and slump flow test 39
3.7.2 J-ring test 40
3.8 Unit weight 42
3.9 Compressive strength 43
3.10 Splitting tensile strength 44
3.11 Drying shrinkage 45
3.12 Thermal conductivity 46
3.13 Electrical surface resistivity 47
3.13 Ultrasonic pulse velocity 49
3.14 Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) 50
Chapter 4: Results and discussion 54
4.1 Properties of cold-bonded lightweight aggregate 54
4.1.1 Specific gravity and water absorption of cold-bonded lightweight aggregate 54
4.1.2 Unit weight of the cold-bonded lightweight aggregate 55
4.1.3 Crushing strength of lightweight aggregate 55
4.1.4 Particle crushing strength 56
4.2 Mix proportions of SCLWC 57
4.3 Fresh concrete properties 57
4.3.1 Unit weight 57
4.3.2 Workability of fresh LWSCC 58
4.4 Compressive strength of SCLWAC 59
4.5 Splitting tensile strength 61
4.6 Drying shrinkage 62
4.7 Thermal conductivity 63
4.8 Electrical Resistivity 63
4.9 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) 64
4.10 Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) 65
Chapter 5- Conclusion and future prospect 95
5.1 Conclusion 95
5.2 Future prospect 97
References 99

1.Acharya, P.K. and S.K. Patro, Effect of lime and ferrochrome ash (FA) as partial replacement of cement on strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2015. 94: p. 448-457.
2.Chia, K.S. and M.-H. Zhang, Water permeability and chloride penetrability of high-strength lightweight aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002. 32(4): p. 639-645.
3.Gesoğlu, M., T. Özturan, and E. Güneyisi, Effects of fly ash properties on characteristics of cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 2007. 21(9): p. 1869-1878.
4.Bui, L.A.-t., et al., Manufacture and performance of cold bonded lightweight aggregate using alkaline activators for high performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2012. 35: p. 1056-1062.
5.Hwang, C.-L. and V.-A. Tran, A study of the properties of foamed lightweight aggregate for self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2015. 87: p. 78-85.
6.Gesoğlu, M., et al., Self-consolidating characteristics of concrete composites including rounded fine and coarse fly ash lightweight aggregates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2014. 60: p. 757-763.
7.Güneyisi, E., M. Gesoğlu, and E. Booya, Fresh properties of self-compacting cold bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete with different mineral admixtures. Materials and Structures, 2012. 45(12): p. 1849-1859.
8.Hwang, C.-L. and M.-F. Hung, Durability design and performance of self-consolidating lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2005. 19(8): p. 619-626.
9.Ahmaruzzaman, M., A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2010. 36(3): p. 327-363.
10.Ravina, D. and P.K. Mehta, Properties of fresh concrete containing large amounts of fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 1986. 16(2): p. 227-238.
11.Chalee, W., P. Ausapanit, and C. Jaturapitakkul, Utilization of fly ash concrete in marine environment for long term design life analysis. Materials & Design, 2010. 31(3): p. 1242-1249.
12.Rodríguez de Sensale, G., Strength development of concrete with rice-husk ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2006. 28(2): p. 158-160.
13.Khan, R., et al., Reduction in environmental problems using rice-husk ash in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2012. 30: p. 360-365.
14.Safiuddin, M., J.S. West, and K.A. Soudki, Hardened properties of self-consolidating high performance concrete including rice husk ash. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2010. 32(9): p. 708-717.
15.Le, H.T. and H.-M. Ludwig, Effect of rice husk ash and other mineral admixtures on properties of self-compacting high performance concrete. Materials & Design, 2016. 89: p. 156-166.
16.Hwang, C.L., et al., Granulation of fly ash lightweight aggregate and accelerated curing technology. American Concrete Institute, 1992: p. p. 419-438.
17.Baykal, G. and A.G. Döven, Utilization of fly ash by pelletization process; theory, application areas and research results. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2000. 30(1): p. 59-77.
18.Perumal, G. and A. Sivakumar, Performance Evaluation of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Lightweight Aggregates. 2013. Vol. 18. 2013.
19.Chao-Lung, H., B.L. Anh-Tuan, and C. Chun-Tsun, Effect of rice husk ash on the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2011. 25(9): p. 3768-3772.
20.Chen, Y.-Y., B.L.A. Tuan, and C.-L. Hwang, Effect of paste amount on the properties of self-consolidating concrete containing fly ash and slag. Construction and Building Materials, 2013. 47: p. 340-346.
21.Gesoğlu, M., E. Güneyisi, and H.Ö. Öz, Properties of lightweight aggregates produced with cold-bonding pelletization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Materials and Structures, 2012. 45(10): p. 1535-1546.
22.Hwang, C.-L., et al., Manufacture and performance of lightweight aggregate from municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and reservoir sediment for self-consolidating lightweight concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2012. 34(10): p. 1159-1166.
23.127, A.C., Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 2007.
24.ASTM, Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete by J-Ring, in ASTM C 1621/C 1621M. 2009.
25.ASTM, Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete., in ASTM C 138/C 138M – 01a. 2001.
26.ASTM, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens., in C 496/C 496M – 04. 2004.
27.JP, B., Corrosion topics. http://wwwjpbroomfieldcouk: p. http://wwwjpbroomfieldcouk.
28.ASTM, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, in C 597 – 97. 1997.
29.VM, M., Testing Hardened Concrete: Nondestructive Methods. 1976, American Concrete Institute Monograph Series.
30.Chandra, S. and L. Berntsson, 8 - Durability of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete to Chemical Attack, in Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. 2002, William Andrew Publishing: Norwich, NY. p. 231-289.
31.ASTM, Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration, in C 1202 – 97. 1997.
32.González-Corrochano, B., J. Alonso-Azcárate, and M. Rodas, Production of lightweight aggregates from mining and industrial wastes. Journal of Environmental Management, 2009. 90(8): p. 2801-2812.
33.Kumar, S., R. Kumar, and S.P. Mehrotra, Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science, 2010. 45(3): p. 607-615.
34.EFNARC, Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. 2002: http://wwwefnarcorg.
35.Federation, E., The european Guidelines for Self-consolidating concrete Specification, Production and Use., in wwwefcainfo. may 2005.
36.Zhang, M.H., R. Lastra, and V.M. Malhotra, Rice-husk ash paste and concrete: Some aspects of hydration and the microstructure of the interfacial zone between the aggregate and paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 1996. 26(6): p. 963-977.
37.Wang, H.-Y., Durability of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete using dredged silt. Construction and Building Materials, 2009. 23(6): p. 2332-2337.
38.Heung Fai, L.A.M., et al., The Proceedings of the Twelfth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and ConstructionStudy on Strength Characteristics of High Strength Rice Husk Ash Concrete. Procedia Engineering, 2011. 14: p. 2666-2672.
39.Sua-iam, G. and N. Makul, Utilization of high volumes of unprocessed lignite-coal fly ash and rice husk ash in self-consolidating concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014. 78: p. 184-194.
40.A, N., Properties of concrete. 1995: Longman.
41.Hwang, C.-L. and V.-A. Tran, Engineering and Durability Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete Incorporating Foamed Lightweight Aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2016. 0(0): p. 04016075.
42.Qingjun, D., et al., Autogenous shrinkage of high strength lightweight aggregate concrete. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2005. 20(4): p. 123-125.
43.Kim, K.-H., et al., An experimental study on thermal conductivity of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2003. 33(3): p. 363-371.
44.SYJ, M., Concrete. 1981, New York: Prentice-Hall Inc.
45.Hope, B.B., A.K. Ip, and D.G. Manning, Corrosion and electrical impedance in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 1985. 15(3): p. 525-534.
46.Kayali, O. and B. Zhu, Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion in lightweight aggregate high-strength fly ash concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2005. 19(4): p. 327-336.
47.Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, in ASTM-C597. 2002: Annual
Book of ASTM Standard 04.
48.VM, M., Testing hardened concrete: nondestructure methods. 1976: American
Concrete Institute Monograph Series.
49.Ma, F., et al., The Greenhouse Gas Emission from Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Construction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016. 13(7): p. 632.