臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

正滲透 (Forward osmosis, FO) 薄膜程序選擇合適驅動溶液 (Draw solution) 是攸關 FO 薄膜實場應用可行性的關鍵要素之一，傳統淨水廠於混凝程序常使用高價數之硫酸鋁作為混凝劑，其有利水中膠體顆粒之去除；另於水體添加雙藥劑如混凝劑與助凝劑 (Polymer) 可有較佳濁度處理成效。因此本研究應用淨水廠於混凝程序的混凝劑 (硫酸鋁)、高分子凝集劑 (聚丙烯醯胺) 作為 FO 薄膜程序之驅動溶液，同時模擬天然水體水質所存在之腐植酸及錳離子作為進料溶液，探討 FO 薄膜程序對於腐植酸及錳離子於不同驅動溶液反應參數之處理效率比較。
一理想驅動液溶質應具備高水通量、低反滲透鹽量之特性，本研究首先探討以硫酸鋁為驅動溶液，針對不同濃度 (0.1-0.5M) 之硫酸鋁試驗比較，結果顯示於 0.5 M 時，可得較高水通量 (8.14 L/m2h)，低反滲透鹽量 (2.40 g/m2h)。再者利用硫酸鋁結合高分子凝集劑之試驗，探討不同離子型聚丙烯醯胺 (陽離子/非離子)、不同聚丙烯醯胺濃度 (1 ppm、10 ppm、100 ppm、500 ppm、1000 ppm)之 FO 薄膜試驗。於 0.5 M 硫酸鋁結合 500 ppm 陽離子型聚丙烯醯胺為驅動溶液時，可得較高水通量 (10.24 L/m2h)，但反滲透鹽量卻上升至 13.35 g/m2h，其原因為高分子凝集劑為高黏度之聚合物，當驅動液黏度過高，將容易停留於薄膜導致堵塞，並增加反滲透鹽量之數值。
選用不同型式之 FO 薄膜 (TFC / CTA) 進行長時間 FO 薄膜程序試驗，於進料液端分別添加腐植酸 (TOC 值為20 ppm)、以及錳離子 (6 ppm)，以相同條件進行 FO 薄膜 (TFC / CTA) 試驗，連續進行 35 小時，TFC 薄膜、CTA 薄膜於腐植酸 (TOC) 處理效率均大於 99% 以上；錳離子處理效率也均高達 99%，由此證明 FO 薄膜程序可作為傳統淨水廠於原水之前處理，以有效減低後續水處裡程序之負荷。

Forward osmosis (FO) has been recently developed as a green technology in drinking water treatment because of low operating cost and high removal efficiency of contaminants. Hence, this is the first study using FO for pretreating raw surface water to enhance the water quality in drinking water treatment plant. In this work, aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) combined with polymer was directly used as a draw solution and synthetic raw water (e.i humic acid and manganese) was used as feed solution in FO, the diluted draw solution was then used as a coagulant in coagulation process without regeneration requirement of draw solution.
The results showed that the highest water flux was achieved of 8.14 LMH and reverse salt flux was 2.40 GMH when used 0.5 M Al2(SO4)3 as draw solution in this study. Moreover, aluminum sulfate combined with polymers to investigate the effect of different ionic polyacrylamides (cationic/nonionic), and concentrations (1ppm, 10ppm, 100ppm, 500ppm, 1000ppm) FO process performance. The highest water flux was 10.24 LMH and reverse salt flux was 13.35 GMH when 0.5 M Al2(SO4)3 combined with 500ppm cationic polyacrylamide as draw solution.
Furthermore, both TFC and CTA membranes could obtain the high TOC and manganese removals 99% when added humic acid (TOC 20ppm) and manganese (6ppm) in feed solution during 35 h FO operation. The overall FO performance demonstrated that using Al2(SO4)3 as a draw solution to pretreat raw water source in drinking water treatment plant is a good concept to simultaneously achieve a high water quality and low cost.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究內容 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 正滲透 (Forward Osmosis) 的特性與介紹 6
2.1.1 正滲透膜的應用與未來性 9
2.1.2 正滲透膜的特性分類 11
2.1.3 正滲透膜的阻塞現象 13
2.1.4 濃度極化現象 13
2.1.5 正滲透中利用不同驅動液之比較 15
2.2 天然有機物與腐植酸之組成與特性 18
2.3 化學混凝程序 20
2.3.1 混凝機制 21
2.3.2 鋁鹽之混凝 22
2.3.3 混凝去除天然有機物 23
2.3.4 混凝操作條件對薄膜效率之影響 24
2.4 高分子凝集劑 28
2.4.1 高分子凝集劑之概論 28
2.4.2 高分子凝集劑之潛在問題 29
2.4.3 高分子凝集劑在淨水處理廠之應用 32
第三章 實驗方法與設備 36
3.1 實驗內容 36
3.2 實驗設計 37
3.3 實驗藥品、材料與設備 38
3.3.1 實驗藥品 38
3.3.2 實驗材料 38
3.3.3 實驗設備 40
3.4 實驗分析與方法 41
3.4.1 滲透壓分析儀分析原理 41
3.4.2 黏度計分析原理 42
3.4.3 總有機碳 (TOC) 分析原理 43
3.4.4 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 分析原理 43
3.4.5 火焰式原子吸收光譜儀 (AA) 分析原理 44
第四章 結果與討論 45
4.1 硫酸鋁 (Al2(SO3)4) 作為驅動液 45
4.1.1 驅動液對於各參數之影響 45
4.2 硫酸鋁結合不同離子型高分子凝集劑之結果 49
4.2.1 結合陽離子型高分子凝集劑之結果 50
4.2.2 結合非離子型高分子凝集劑之結果 53
4.3 操作參數對人工原水之影響 54
4.3.1 不同薄膜在長時間操作後各參數之影響 54
4.3.2 對錳離子之去除率 61
4.3.3 對腐植酸溶液之 TOC值去除率 62
4.3.4 傳統淨水廠結合正滲透程序的可行性 62
第五章 結論與建議 64
5.1 結論 64
5.2 建議 65
參考文獻 66

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