臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

拜香燃煙為台灣室內空氣污染物之主要污染源，故探討有效之拜香燃煙污染防治方式，以降低對人體健康危害，實為值得注重之議題。本研究選用台南市八種市售拜香，並於自製燃燒室進行空氣污染物之全量採樣。針對拜香燃燒所產生之灰分、懸浮微粒及氣/固相多環芳香烴化合物(PAHs)之排放係數與拜香燃燒之溫度、熱值及熱流間之關係進行分析探討。並以排放速率推估一般居家室內點燃拜香所造成之懸浮微粒濃度，最後進行統計分析討論市售拜香是否能符合國家標準(CNS)。
研究結果顯示，市售拜香燃燒溫度、熱值及熱流愈高，灰分排放係數趨勢下降，懸浮微粒與固相多環芳香烴(S-PAHs)排放係數趨勢上升，推測係因市售拜香為使燃燒特性更加穩定而添加助燃物，以致拜香中適燃物質增加，提高拜香燃燒能量，懸浮微粒與固相多環芳香烴排放趨勢隨之上升。此外，民眾在一般居家佛堂，且高通風換氣率下燃燒三支拜香，將造成室內懸浮微粒濃度為 113±22.5 μg/m3，已超出室內空氣品質標準3倍以上。而在數據統計分析後發現燃燒市售拜香之排放濃度遠低於CNS標準(四項PAHs為0.2mg/m3)之規範，可見目前CNS標準應有修改之必要，以維護民眾健康。
關鍵詞：拜香燃煙、熱分析、懸浮微粒、多環芳香烴化合物、CNS標準

Burning incense was the primary air pollutants in Taiwan, that`s why we talking about the effective way to prevent the pollution of the burning incense, it was such important issue. This study was using some ordinary incense which sold in Tainan city and burn it for lab, before sampling have to put the incense in to the conditioning box, after that sampling it in to the burning room which made by ourselves, the last we analysis and discuss the ash particle and 16 PAHs with the temperature and calorie value. And the discharge rate to estimate the general home indoors caused by burning incense caused by the concentration of suspended particulates, and finally statistical analysis to discuss whether the market can meet the national standard (CNS).
The results showed that the higher the burning temperature, calorific value and heat flow, the gray emission coefficient decreased, the emission coefficient of particulates, and the emission coefficient of S-PAHs, it is suggested that the combustion characteristics of the suspended particulates and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are increased with the increase of the combustible material and the combustion energy. In addition, the public in the general home Buddha, and high ventilation rate of combustion under the three incense, will cause indoor suspended particles concentration of 113 ± 22.5 μg / m3, has exceeded the indoor air quality standards more than 3 times. In the statistical analysis of the data found that the burning of the sale of commercial incense emissions concentration is much lower than the CNS standard (four PAHs 0.2 mg / m3) of the specification, we can see the current CNS standards should be modified to maintain public health.
Key word: Incense smoke、Thermal analysis、Particles、PAHs、CNS standard

摘要 1
ABSTRACT 1
謝誌 II
目錄 IV
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 XI
第一章、前言 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的及內容 2
第二章、文獻回顧 3
2-1 拜香之介紹 3
2-1-1 拜香的種類 3
2-1-2 拜香的製作 4
2-2 拜香之成分分析 5
2-3 燃燒拜香之粒狀污染物排放與分佈 6
2-3-1 粒狀污染物排放 6
2-3-2 粒狀污染物分佈 7
2-4 拜香燃煙多環芳香化合物(PAHS)排放 8
2-5 拜香燃煙之揮發性有機物質 10
2-6 拜香燃煙之毒性測試 11
2-7 熱分析 12
2-8 木材與燃燒之要件 12
2-8-1 木材之燃燒 12
2-8-2 木材主成份之影響 14
2-8-3 木材燃燒之影響因素 16
2-9 CNS國家標準 17
2-10 室內空氣污染物濃度 19
第三章、實驗方法與步驟 20
3-1 研究流程 20
3-2 拜香調理與採樣 21
3-3 PAHS/毒性當量分析 25
3-3-1 萃取 27
3-3-2 淨化 27
3-3-3 濃縮 28
3-3-4 GC/MS 分析 28
3-4 熱分析 30
3-4-1 溫度 30
3-4-2 熱值 31
3-5 室內情境暴露量評估 32
3-5-1 情境模擬操作執行方式 32
3-5-2 暴露量與計算方式 33
第四章、數據分析之品質保證與控制 34
4-1 PAHS空白試驗 34
4-1-1 溶劑空白試驗 34
4-1-2 程序空白試驗 34
4-2 標準品檢量線之建立 35
4-2-1 建立檢量線 35
4-2-2 線性關係之確認 36
4-2-3 濃度可適用之範圍 36
4-2-4 檢量線的確認及使用 36
4-3 PAHS標準品重複分析 36
第五章、研究結果與討論 40
5-1 拜香外觀及熱分析 40
5-1-1 拜香尺寸特徵 40
5-1-2 燃燒溫度 41
5-1-3 熱值與熱流 41
5-2 拜香燃燒排放污染物特徵 42
5-2-1 灰分 42
5-2-2 懸浮微粒 42
5-2-3 多環芳香烴化合物 (PAHs) 43
5-2-4 室內燃燒拜香懸浮微粒濃度推估 50
5-2-5 國家標準(CNS)之通用性探討 51
5-3 燃燒特徵之相關性 53
5-3-1 灰分與燃燒溫度 53
5-3-2 懸浮微粒與燃燒溫度 54
5-3-3 固相多環芳香烴與燃燒溫度 55
5-3-4 灰分與熱值 56
5-3-5 懸浮微粒與熱值 57
5-3-6 固相多環芳香烴與熱值 58
5-3-7 灰分與熱流 59
5-3-8 懸浮微粒與熱流 60
5-3-9 固相多環芳香烴與熱流 61
5-3-10 小結 62
第六章、結論與建議 63
6-1 結論 63
6-2 建議 65
參考文獻 66

1.行政院衛生署，衛生統計資訊網，http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm.
2.Rylander, R., Essle, N., Donham, K., “Bronchial Hyperreactivity among pig and dairy farmers” Am. J. Ind. Med., 17, p 66-69, 1990.
3.Folinsbee, L., “Human health effects of air pollution”., Environ Health Perspect, 100, p 45-56, 1992.
4.內政部，內政統計資訊服務網，http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat.
5.Li, C. S., Ro, Y. S., Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei. Atmospheric Environment 34, 611−620, 2000.
6.Mimi C.Y., Garabran D.H., Huan T.B., Henderson B.E., Occupational and other non-dietary Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Guangzhou, China. Int. J Cancer 45:1033-1039, 1990.
7.Chen C.J., Wang Y.F., Shieh T., Chen J.Y., Lin M.Y., Multi-factorial etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head and Neck Oncology Research Conference 10-12: 469-476, 1987.
8.許郁婷，傳統拜香燃煙之有機脫水醣類特性研究，嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系研究所，碩士論文，2010。
9.Chi-Ru Yang, Ta-Chang Lin, Feng-Hsiang Chang. ”Particle size distribution and PAHs concentrations of incense smoke in a combustion chamber”, Environmental Pollution, 145, 606-615, 2007.
10.Roger M.R., “The chemistry of solid wood”American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1984.
11.楊奇儒，低污染拜香研發：拜香主要成分對拜香燃煙特徵之影響，國立成功大學環境工程研究所，博士論文，2006。
12.謝居憲，寺廟內部空氣中多環芳香化合物成分及特徵之研究，成功大學環境工程系，碩士論文，1996。
13.高玫鍾，龍世俊，香客在寺廟中懸浮微粒曝露濃度之探討，中華公共衛生雜誌，第十九卷，第二期， p 138-143, 2000。
14.S.W. Seea,R. Balasubramanianb, “Characterization of fine particle emissions from incense burning” Building and Environment 46:1074e1080,2011.
15.Hsiao-Chi Chuang, Tim Jones, Yang Chen, Jennifer Bell, John Wenger, Kelly BéruBé. ” Characterisation of airborne particles and associated organic components produced from incense burning”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 401, 10, p 3095-3102, 2011.
16.Cheng, W.E., Bechtold, Y.C.C., Hung, I.F., “Incense Smoke: Characterization and Dynamics in Indoor Environments” Aerosol Science and Technology 23, p 271-281, 1995.
17.Chi-Ru Yang, Ta-Chang Lin, Feng-Hsiang Chang. ”Particle size distribution and PAHs concentrations of incense smoke in a combustion chamber”, Environmental Pollution, 145, 606-615, 2007.
18.陳宜慧，室內拜香燃燒脫水醣排放特徵與空氣清淨效率之研究，雲林科技大學環境與安全工程系，碩士論文，2008。
19.毛鏡琪，陳美蓮，廟宇拜香之環境空氣污染及室內空氣品質研究，國立陽明大學環境與職業衛生研究所，碩士論文，2008。
20.Siao Wei See, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian,Umid Man Joshi. ”Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke”, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 8, p 25-32, 2007.
21.Panida Navasumrit, Manasawee Arayasiri, Ohmar May Tin Hiang, Manoon Leechawengwongs, Jeerawan Promvijit, Suppachai Choonvisase, Samroeng Chantchaemsai, Netnapa Nakngam, Chulabhorn Mahidol, Mathuros Ruchirawat. ” Potential health effects of exposure to carcinogenic compounds in incense smoke in temple workers”, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 173, 1, p 19-31 , 2008.
22.劉孟麟，香環燃煙中PAHs成份特徵與急毒性研究，國立成功大學環境工程學系，碩士論文，2004。
23.鍾鎔同，陳瑞仁，寺廟內空氣中粒狀物PAHs及碳成分特性探討，國立屏東科技大學環境工程與科學系所，碩士論文，2008。
24.Villa, C., Gambaro, R., Mariani, E., Dorato, S. ”High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of 24 fragrance allergens to study scented products”. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 44, p 755-762, 2007.
25.Rasmussen, R. E., “Mutagenic activity of incense smoke on salmonella typhimurium”, Bull Environ Contact Toxicol, v38,p.827-833, 1987.
26.黃泓鈞，拜香燃煙中多環芳香烴與重金屬污染物之生物毒性研究，成功大學環境工程系，碩士論文，2013。
27.鄭福田，奈米微粒與健康風險研究，國科會計畫報告，2005。
28.Tin C. Tran, Philip J. Marriott. ” Characterization of incense smoke by solid phase microextraction—Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)”, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 27, p 5756-5768 , 2007.
29.黃清吟，專題論述-木材燃燒面面觀，林業研究專訊Vol.16 No.6，2009。
30.經濟部，標準檢驗局網，
http://www.bsmi.gov.tw/wSite/ xslgip/chinese/index.html.
31.Li, C. S., Ro, Y. S., Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei. Atmospheric Environment 34, 611−620, 2000.
32.Repace, J. L., and Lowrey, A. H.,Indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke , and public health, Science, 208, 464-474, 1980.
33.李俊璋，空氣污染物致突變性測試方法改良之研究，台灣大學環境工程研究所，博士論文，1992。 
34.林文海， 周偉龍， 整體換氣基本原理及應用， 工業通風， 第二章，p 19-32，2004。
35.楊奇儒，以添加竹炭及活性炭進行低毒性拜香研發之探討，第九屆海峽兩岸氣膠技術研討會暨第二屆海峽兩岸環境保護雙門論壇，2012。