臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

法醫昆蟲學(forensic entomology)在刑事偵查最主要的應用，即是利用屍體上昆蟲相及昆蟲發育狀態，配合犯罪現場之氣候、溫度等資料，推斷屍體死後間隔時間(post-mortem interval, PMI)。本篇論文依據所做過的20件豬隻曝屍實驗結果，依其環境及氣候狀態，共歸類成7大類之蟲相演替表，蟲相演替表內包含屍體上出現之蠅類幼蟲種類，出現之時間（或在屍體的腐敗階段）及個期間內昆蟲之蟲相比例等資訊。
依據曝屍實驗及刑案現場所搜集檢體結果，將台灣地區豬隻屍體上常見昆蟲之特性歸類，大頭金蠅為屍體初期之指標蠅類幼蟲，紅顏金蠅為為屍體腐敗前期之指標蠅類幼蟲，且2者可用其生長情形可用來研判死亡時間;肥軀金蠅為「低溫」或「高海拔」的參考性蠅類幼蟲;紫綠蠅為郊區「低溫」環境下之指標性蠅類幼蟲;厚環黑蠅為「後腐敗期」或「殘骸期」之指標性蠅類幼蟲;紅尾室蠅為市區「室內」現場的指標性蠅類幼蟲;烏足錫金蠅為屍體腐敗中後期之參考性蠅類幼蟲;瘦葉帶綠蠅為屍體腐敗前中期之參考性蠅類幼蟲;麻蠅科為屍體中後期及室內現場的參考性蠅類幼蟲。
為了試驗上述台灣地區蟲相演替數據及之前所建立之幼蟲成長累積ADH(優勢種幼蟲Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies, Synthesionyia nudiseta, Sarcophaga dux在屍體上出現時間及成長累積ADH)等數據，是否可用於研判死亡時間，我們蒐集了59個死亡現場實際案例，其中有28案，與我們做豬曝屍體實驗環境相同，而且其屍體上的幼蟲優勢種是Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies適合把台灣地區蟲相演替數據及之前所建立之幼蟲成長累積ADH種數據應於於研判死亡時間；分析結果顯示，估計死亡時間與實際案例之死亡時間不相符的僅有2例。另外15案，因與我們做豬曝屍體實驗環境不同，但因屍體上有優勢種Synthesionyia nudiseta, Sarcophaga dux的幼蟲出現，所以可用優勢種幼蟲之累積ADH進行研判，結果顯示與實際案例之死亡時間均間均無不相符。2個案例含有Sarcophaga dux可使用曝屍實驗數據估計死亡時間，結果顯示其死亡時間與實際死亡時間相符。另外14案，因屍體環境，與我們做豬隻曝屍體實驗環境不同，且沒有已知成長ADH之數據的優勢種幼蟲Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies, Synthesionyia nudiseta, Sarcophaga dux出現在屍體上，故難用我們的數據加以研判最小死亡時間。由上述結果顯示，只要事發地點與我們做豬曝屍體實驗環境相同，或者有已知成長過程ADH的數據之優勢種幼蟲出現在屍體上就可估計死亡時間，故研判這些數據可供實際案件之應用，有助於快速地估計屍體死後間隔時間(post-mortern interval, PMI)；另外我們缺少的是室內豬屍體實驗數據及肉蠅長過程ADH的數據，未研判PMI的14案例的環境，是屬於室內的屍體，而屍體上的優勢種是肉蠅，所以無法估計PMI值。

目錄
圖 目錄-------------------------------II
表 目錄------------------------------III
壹、緒論-------------------------------1
貳、文獻探討----------------------------4
一、法醫昆蟲學的發展--------------------4
二、死亡時間之估計---------------------11
三、國內外曝屍實驗之文獻探討------------20
參、材料與方法-------------------------24
一、名詞解釋--------------------------24
二、樣品來源--------------------------25
三、曝屍實驗及刑案現場檢體蒐集方法-------31
四、檢體分析--------------------------34
肆、結果與討論-------------------------37
一、性質類同之曝屍實驗之比較------------37
二、相同季節不同曝屍方式實驗之比較-------46
三、指標性昆蟲成長ADH及指標性蠅類出現時間
資料建立--------------------------54
四、刑案現場案例蟲相及PMI分析結果-------55
五、台灣地區屍體上常見蠅類幼蟲特性-------97
伍、結論------------------------------107
陸、參考文獻--------------------------111

1.李昌鈺 Henry lee、提姆西．龐巴、瑪琍琳．米勒、李俊億，犯罪現場，商周出版社，2009。
2.駱宜安等，刑事鑑識概論，中央警察大學出版社，2008。
3.Grassberger M, Reiter C. Effect of temperature on development of the forensically important holarctic blow fly Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Sci Int. 2002; 128(3):177-82.
4.Goff ML. Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigation, Annual Riviewers Int. 1992; Vol.37:253-272.
5.Amendt J, Kretteck R and Zehner R. Forensic entomology.Naturwissenschaften 2004; 91:51-65.
6.Harvey ML, Gaudieri S, Villet MH and Daour IR. A global study of forensically significant calliphorids: Implications for identification. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008; 177: 66-76.
7.Wang JF, Li Z, Chen YH, Chen QS and Yin XH. The succession and development of insects on pig carcasses and their significances in estimating PMI in south China. Forensic Sci. Int, 2008; 179: 11-18.
8.Anderson GS. Succession on carrion and its relationship to determining time of death. CRC. 2001; p143-175.
9.Lord WD and Stevenson JR. Directory of forensic entomologists, 2nd edition, Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C 1986.
10.Benecke MA. Brief history of forensic entomology. Forensic Sci. Int. 2001; 120:2-14.
11.王江峰、胡萃、陈玉川、闽建雄、李俊涛。大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala 幼虫发育形态学及其在死亡时间推断中的应用探讨，寄生虫与医学昆虫学报，2002;第9卷第1期33-38頁。
12.Amendt J, Richards CS, Campobasso CP, Zehner R and Hall MJ. Forensic entomology: applications and limitations. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol. 2011; 7:379-392.
13.Beyer JC, Enos WF and Stajic M. Drug identification through analysis of maggots. J Forensic Sci. 1980; 25:411-412.
14.Goff ML and Lord WD. Entomotoxicology: insects as toxicological indicators and the impact of drugs and toxins on insect development. Byrd JH Castner JL (eds) Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. CRC, Boca Raton, Fla. 2001; p 331-340.
15.Miller ML, Lord WD, Goff ML, Donnelly D, McDonough ET and Alexis JC. Isolation of amitriptyline and nortriptyline from fly pupariae (Phoridae) and beetle exuviae (Dermestidae) associated with mummified human remains. J. Forensic Sci. 1994; 39:1305-1313.
16.Bourel B, Tournel G, Hedouin V, Deveaus M, Goff ML and Gosset D. Morphine extraction in necrophagous insects remains for determining ante-mortem opiate intoxication. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;120:127-131.
17.Amendt J, Richards CS, Campobasso CP, Zehner R and Hall MJR. Forensic entomology: applications and limitations. Forensic Sci. 2011; Med. Pathol. 7:379-392.
18.Michaud JP and Moreau G. Predicting the visitation of carcasses carrion-related insects under different rates of degree-day accumulation. Forensic Sci Int. 2009; 185:78-83.
19.Archer MS, Bassed RB, Briggs CA and Lynch MJ. Social isolation and delayed discovery of bodies in houses: The value of forensic pathology, anthropology, odontology and entomology in the medico-legal investigation. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005; 151: 259-265.
20.Byrd JH and Castner JL. Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, CRC press, Florida, USA, 2001; p143-169.
21.Eberhardt TL and Elliot DA. A preliminary investigation of insect colonization and succession on remains in New Zealand. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008; 176: 217-223.
22.Michaud JP and Moreau G. Predicting the visitation of carcasses carrion-related insects under different rates of degree-day accumulation. Forensic Sci. Int. 2009; 185:78-83.
23.Kelly JA, van der Linde TC and Anderson GS. The influence of clothing and wrapping on carcass decomposition and arthropod succession during the warmer seasons in central South Africa, J Forensic Sci. 2009 Sep; 54(5):1105-12.
24.Goff ML and Flynn MM. Determination of postmortem interval by arthropod succession: a case study from the Hawaiian Islands. J. Forensic Sci. 1991; 36:607-614.
25.George KA, Archer MS, Green LM, Conlan XA and Toop T. Effect of morphine on the growth rate of Calliphora stygia (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and possible implications for forensic entomology. Forensic Sci. Int. 2009; 193:21-5.
26.Drummer OH. Postmortem toxicology of drugs of abuse. Forensic. Sci. Int. 2004; 142:101-113.
27.蕭開平、方中民，死亡時間與死後變化於法醫學上之意義，1995，刑事科學第40期1-18頁。
28.Gennard DE. Forensic entomology: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England. 2007; p121-124.
29.Catts EP and Goff ML. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1992; 37:253-272.
30.陳瑋芸，粒腺體DNA細胞色素氧化酶次單元一(COⅠ)之序列分析於大台北地區具法醫重要性麗蠅種類鑑定之應用，台灣，國立台灣大學昆蟲學研究所，2002。
31.Chen WY, Hung T4H and Shiao SF. Molecular Identification of Forensically Important Blow Fly Species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Taiwan. J. Med. Entomol. 2004; 41:47-57.
32.Greenberg B. Flies as forensic indicators. J. Med. Entomol. 1991; 28:565-577.
33.Eberhardt TL and Elliot DA. A preliminary investigation of insect colonization and succession on remains in New Zealand. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008; 176: 217-223.
34.陳俊憲、石俊宏、石正人，利用豬屍進行食屍性昆蟲相調查，2003，台灣昆蟲 23：71-81。
35.洪偉峰，利用不同死亡處理方法探討屍體腐敗速率及屍體上昆蟲相變化，台灣，國立中興大學昆蟲研究所，2003。
36.簡明政，台灣常見棄屍上昆蟲相變化之研究，台灣，中央警察大學刑事警察研究所，2004。
37.蔡寶儀，臺灣地區屍體上常見蠅類之幼蟲形態學鑑定及蟲相分析--以豬屍為例，2009，刑事科學第66期,頁63-81。
38.顏偉倫，死亡案例及其模擬屍體上昆蟲相的探討，台灣，中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所，2014。
39.李侃坤，台灣南部地區市區屍體上蟲相之研究，台灣，中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所，2015。
40.Harvey ML, Mansell MW, Villet MH, Dadour IR.Molecular identification of some forensically important blowflies of southern Africa and Australia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2003; Volume 17, Issue 4, Pages 363–369。
41.林明慧，屍體上麗蠅科蛆蟲與蛹階段之年齡與其外形變化的關係之研究-於刑事鑑識上的應用，台灣，中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所，2010。
42.張蕙萱，溫度對大頭金蠅及與紅顏金蠅(雙翅目：麗蠅科)生長發育之影響-於刑事鑑識上的應用，中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所，2012。
43.謝尚樺，溫度對醬亞麻蠅幼蟲生長發育之影響及刑事鑑識上的應用，中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所，2015。
44.Velásquez Y, Ivorra T, Grzywacz A, Martínez-Sánchez A, Magaña C, García-Rojo A and Rojo S. Larval morphology, development and forensic importance of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera: Muscidae) in Europe:a rare species or just overlooked, Bulletin of Entomological Research 2013;103, 98-110.
45.范滋德，中國常見蠅類檢索表，北京，科學出版社，1992。
46.Saigusa K, TakamiyaM, Aoki Y. Species identification of the forensically important flies in Iwate prefecture, Japan based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) sequences, Leg Med (Tokyo) 2005; 7(3):175-8.
47.Shin SE, Jang MS, Park JH, Park SH. A forensic entomology case estimating the minimum postmortem interval using the distri-bution of fly pupae in fallow ground and maggots with freezing injury. Korean J Leg Med 2015; 39: 17-21.
48.Tawatchai Monum.etc. Forensically Important Blow Flies Chrysomya pinguis, C. villeneuvi, and Lucilia porphyrina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a Case of Human Remains in Thailand. Korean J Parasitol 2017; 55(1): 71–76。
49.Silahuddin SA. The Importance of habitat in the ecology of decomposition on rabbit carcasses in Malaysia: implications in forensic entomology. J Med Ento¬mol 2015; 52: 9-23.
50.Syamsa RA. An occurrence of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp) (Diptera: Muscidae) from a human corpse in a high-rise building in Malaysia: A case report. Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 6:107-112.
51.Moophayak. Species composition of carrion blow flies in northern Thailand.altitude appraisal 2014; 56(2):179-82.
52.So PM, Dudgeon D. Interspecific competition among larvae of Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Calliphoridae) and Boettcherisca formosensis (Sarcophagidae) (Diptera), Researches on Population Ecology, 1990; Volume 32, Issue 2, p 337–348.
53.Kumara TK. Occurrence of oriental flies associated with indoor and outdoor human remains in the tropical climate of north Malaysia; Journal of Vector Ecology 2012; 37 (1): 62-68.
54.翁嘉臻，台台灣地區腐屍上蠅類幼蟲鑑定與蟲相分析，台灣，中央警察大學鑑識科學研究所，2009。