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研究生:朱雯琪
研究生(外文):Chu, Linda Wen-Chi
論文名稱:譯寫:論利瑪竇的《西國記法》與 歐洲古典記憶法的關係
論文名稱(外文):Transwriting: Matteo Ricci's Xiguo jifa and European Classical Art of Memory
指導教授:李奭學李奭學引用關係
指導教授(外文):Li, Sher-shiueh
口試委員:康士林陳慧宏
口試委員(外文):Koss, NicholasChen, Hui-Hung
口試日期:2017-07-14
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:跨文化研究所翻譯學碩士班
學門:人文學門
學類:翻譯學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2017
畢業學年度:105
語文別:英文
論文頁數:142
中文關鍵詞:耶穌會翻譯文學利瑪竇西國記法歐洲古典修辭學記法
外文關鍵詞:Matteo RiccimemoriaJesuit translated literatureCiceronian rhetoricXiguo jifa
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明清之際,天主教耶穌會士在中國大量引進西學,其著作之範疇包括自然哲學、數學、修辭學與文學等領域,史上未曾之見。1595年,義大利傳教士利瑪竇筆下的《西國記法》,首次介紹了歐洲古典修辭學,詳細闡述了西塞羅「修辭五法」中的記憶之法。利氏以「譯述」為方法,將西方的「記憶之宮」傳授入華。本論文透過文本分析,闡發利氏介紹此一記法的歷史與文化背景,並及利氏如何結合西方記法與中國文化,以及他如何將記法挪用為傳教工具的過程與影響。
本文為耶穌會翻譯文學之研究,粗略說來,包有如下三項突破及貢獻:首先為利氏如何以西方記法與中國六書為基礎,使之結合中文字形學,推出全新而屬於中國的記法。其次,經由《西國記法》與拉丁、希臘修辭學經典的文本分析,本論文探討並指出大致上,利瑪竇為史上首位將古希臘體液說(humorism)引入中國的第一人,同時亦令此說在中國與記法結合為一。最後,本論文也有新見,在探討利瑪竇如何闡述「腦」為神明之主且掌管記憶之時,也推翻了中國傳統收「心」為神明之主的理論。利瑪竇「腦主神明」的看法,改變了長久以來中國傳統因《黃帝內經》所形成的「心主神明」的「偽科學」。如此變革,不僅對中國科學,即使對中國文化及文學也都有莫大的影響。

During their missionary in China, the Jesuits published extensively on Western scholarship, ranging from natural philosophy to mathematics to rhetoric and other domains. In 1596, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci introduce memoria, one of the five tasks of Ciceronian rhetoric to late Ming China. Xiguo jifa is unique as it is the first time European rhetoric was introduced to China through transwriting—a combination of translation, rewriting, and original writing. I shall present here a close textual analysis of Xiguo jifa to offer insight into the historical and cultural backdrop in which Ricci penned this treatise, the extent to which Ricci localized the art of memory, and how he appropriated memoria for evangelical purposes.
My thesis offers three key breakthroughs: The first is an original treatment on how Ricci used the Chinese liushu 六書 (“Six Writings”) to devise a brand new Chinese mnemonic system based entirely on the unique features of Chinese linguistics and lexicology. Through a close textual analysis of Xiguo jifa and comparative studies with Greek classics, I also discovered that Ricci introduced the theory of humors for what seems to be the first time in China. His introduction is also the first time the theory of humors is used to explain memory in the Chinese context. Finally, I also offer breakthrough insights on how Ricci’s explanations of the physiological makeup of memory were pivotal in changing the Chinese understanding of where the mind is located. Based on the teachings of Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 (Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor), memory was a function of the heart as the heart is the seat of the mind. Ricci’s teachings, however, demonstrated that the seat of the mind is located in the brain, which has only significant scientific implications but more importantly literary and cultural impacts.

Chapter 1: A “Translated” Context for Memoria ..................................................... 1
Introducing memoria to the Chinese tradition .......................................................... 6
Situating memoria in late Ming China ...................................................................... 7
Roadmap for analyzing Ricci’s memoria ............................................................... 12
Chapter 2: Translating Memoria for Structure and Foundation .......................... 17
Medieval and classical sources for Xiguo jifa......................................................... 18
Achieving missionary purpose through piecemeal and transwriting strategies ...... 23
Comparing Ricci’s legendary experts with that of the classical authors ................ 28
King Mithridates and King Cyrus: Transwriting the importance of memoria—
an art fit for kings .................................................................................................... 31
Prodigious memories of Simonides of Ceos and Themistocles .............................. 34
King Pyrrhus: Territory of rule expanded through translation ............................... 39
Conditions inducing memory loss .......................................................................... 44
From West to East and source to translation .......................................................... 47 Chapter 3: Translating, Localizing, and Rewriting Memoria for an Eastern
Audience........................................................................................................................ 48
Ad Herennium as Ricci’s main source for rules on establishing loci ..................... 49
Localizing the task of forming images through Chinese lexicology ...................... 60
Crystallizing Ricci’s rules for forming images ....................................................... 68 Chapter 4: Appropriating Memoria for an Evangelical Purpose .......................... 71
Ricci’s evangelical skopos strategically interwoven into memoria ........................ 72
Scholastic medicine as Ricci’s source for physiological foundation of memory ... 76
Appropriating ancient authorities to establish Christian concept of “soul” ............ 82
Greek cosmology and scholastic medicine—a cornerstone in Xiguo jifa............... 84
Scholastic medicine as foundation of the four dispositions expounded by Ricci ... 94
A word on the elemental composition of man ...................................................... 105
Ricci and Hippocrates on the properties of food and its relation to memory ....... 108
Situating Xiguo jifa in Ricci’s evangelical skopos ............................................... 110
Chapter 5: Conclusion: Legacy of Memoria in China .......................................... 112
Ruler of memory: from the heart to the brain ....................................................... 114
Memory in the Chinese tradition .......................................................................... 119
Memoria in the greater context of rhetoric and literature ..................................... 124
Appendix A:
Disproving Francesco Panigarola as a possible source for Xiguo jifa .................... 127
Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 134
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