臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

米爾頓釉小蜂（Anselmella miltoni Girault）近年成為台灣蓮霧（Syzygium samarangense）出口的重要檢疫害蟲，此害蟲會在果實內形成蟲癭，羽化時留下的孔洞將損害商品價值，而米爾頓釉小蜂除了蓮霧之外也能在與蓮霧同屬的蒲桃（S. jambos）上造癭，非經濟作物的蒲桃很可能成為防治上的漏洞，然而米爾頓釉小蜂在蒲桃的發生狀況迄今未明，因此本研究著重於米爾頓釉小蜂在台灣的寄主範圍、分布、蟲癭發育及其寄生蜂，實驗可分為六個部分：（一）調查全台灣米爾頓釉小蜂在蓮霧上的發生狀況，同時檢視其他同屬植物是否有相似的造癭小蜂發生，結果顯示在蒲桃（S. jambos）果實的種子部位也發現了形似米爾頓釉小蜂的Anselmella屬小蜂造癭。（二）利用形態和分子特徵證實蒲桃上的造癭小蜂和蓮霧上的米爾頓釉小蜂是同一物種，蒲桃有潛力成為蓮霧上米爾頓釉小蜂的蟲源。（三）解剖記錄蟲癭發育如何與蒲桃果實發育配合，建立蟲癭和蒲桃果實兩者的發育分期，並與過去研究中米爾頓釉小蜂在蓮霧上的發育情形作比較。（四）在蟲癭解剖過程中發現米爾頓釉小蜂在蒲桃上所造的蟲癭中有兩種寄生蜂，分別是Aprostocetus sp.和Megastigmus sp.，為評估寄生蜂成為生物防治資材的可能性，本研究觀察和記錄寄生蜂的寄生時機、寄生深度和寄生率，依據實驗結果評估後，認為目前僅發生在蒲桃上的寄生蜂並不適合直接防治蓮霧上的米爾頓釉小蜂，然而利用寄生蜂降低蒲桃上米爾頓釉小蜂的族群量，或可達到減少蟲源的目的，成為對環境友善且可行的防治方法。（五）利用MaxEnt分布潛力分析尋找國內米爾頓釉小蜂分布潛力高的地區為防治重點，以及尋找世界上分布潛力低，米爾頓釉小蜂不容易藉由貿易擴散和建立族群的國家作為建議的貿易對象。（六）描述米爾頓釉小蜂及兩種寄生蜂Aprostocetus sp.和Megastigmus sp.的形態特徵，並比較台灣的米爾頓釉小蜂與過去研究中所描述的米爾頓釉小蜂形態和寄主植物的差異。擬定害蟲防治策略時，害蟲所能利用的寄主植物是一項重要資訊，不論是不是經濟作物都應列入考量，在證實了米爾頓釉小蜂能利用非經濟作物的蒲桃之後，蒲桃很可能成為蓮霧的蟲害來源，防治時需將蒲桃列入考量使防治策略更加完善。而目前在蒲桃上普遍發生的米爾頓釉小蜂的寄生蜂，或可妥善利用於降低蒲桃之米爾頓釉小蜂族群，達到間接方式減低蓮霧蟲害發生情形，應是未來可以研究發展的方向。

Anselmella miltoni Girault is an important pest on wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) in recent years, which cause quarantine problem during export. This wasp induces gall inside the fruit of wax apple and devaluate the commodity when emergent adult tunnel through the fruit. Beside wax apple, A. miltoni uses another congeneric plant, S. jambos (rose apple), as a host in Taiwan. Rose apple is a non-economic plant and, therefore, ignored easily during the control of A. miltoni. Up to date, little information about A. miltoni on rose apple is known. Due to the above reason, this research conducted survey on its host range, distribution, gall development and its parasitoid wasps. There were six parts. (1) I surveyed the occurrence of A. miltoni on wax apple in Taiwan, and searched for similar gall-making wasps on other congeneric plants. The result shows that there is congeneric wasp in seed part of rose apple (S. jambos). (2) Morphological and molecular characters were used to compare the Anselmella wasps on wax apple and rose apple. As a result, both gall-making wasps on wax apple and rose apple are A. miltoni. (3) Developmental stages of A. miltoni were recorded through dissecting fruits of rose apple and the correlation of growth between A. miltoni and fruit were established. The result was compared with the similar research about wax apple. (4) Two wasps, Aprostocetus sp. and Megastigmus sp., found inside the galls of A. miltoni on rose apple were confirmed to be parasitoid wasps. I further investigated the timing, depth, and percentage of parasitoid. According to the result, parasitoid wasps that can only live on rose apple are not suitable to directly control the A. miltoni on wax apple. However, through suppressing the population of A. miltoni on rose apple, it may decrease pest source to lessen the damage on wax apple indirectly and, henceforth, may become a feasible and ecofriendly control method. (5) I set up predictive occurrence model of A. miltoni by MaxEnt. The area with high probability of occurrence in Taiwan should be the main concern of pest control, and countries with lower chance of occurrence in the world are candidate nations for the trade of wax apple. (6) Morphology of A. miltoni and its two parasitoid wasps were described and was compared with literatures. Host use is an important information when we set up the pest control strategy, no matter whether the host plant is an economic crop or not. In this research, we made sure that A. miltoni can induce gall on rose apple, and it could be a pest source of wax apple. Control of pests on non-economic important host may be an effective mean in interrupting pest source. To decrease the infection rate on wax apple, we should manage both wax apple and rose apple when set up pest control strategy. Although parasitoid wasps of A. miltoni only found in the galls of rose apple, future researches may develop to decrease infection rate on wax apple indirectly via suppression the possible infection source from rose apple.

摘要-i
Abstract-iii
目次-v
圖目次-vi
前言-1
前人研究-3
一、米爾頓釉小蜂分類史和已知生物學-3
二、蓮霧栽種現況和出口貿易障礙-3
三、物種分布預測模式-4
材料與方法-6
一、赤楠屬植物上造癭小蜂普查-6
二、台灣Anselmella 屬小蜂分子特徵分析-6
三、花果物候期與蟲癭發育期-8
四、寄生蜂寄生時機、寄生深度與寄生率-9
五、米爾頓釉小蜂分布潛力分析-9
六、形態描述-10
結果-12
一、赤楠屬植物上造癭小蜂普查-12
二、台灣Anselmella 屬小蜂分子特徵分析-12
三、花果物候期與蟲癭發育期-12
四、寄生蜂屬級鑑定-13
五、寄生蜂寄生時機、寄生深度與寄生率-14
六、米爾頓釉小蜂分布潛力分析-14
七、形態描述-14
討論-20
一、赤楠屬植物上造癭小蜂普查-20
二、花果物候期與蟲癭發育期-20
三、寄生蜂寄生時機、寄生深度與寄生率-21
四、米爾頓釉小蜂分布潛力分析-23
五、形態描述-23
結論-24
參考文獻-25
圖-31
附錄-46

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