臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

黃麴毒素 (aflatoxins) 經常汙染畜禽的飼料原料，造成生長效率不佳，影響生產效益。黏土及沸石材料是複雜且廣泛分佈的鋁矽酸鹽類，因其具可吸附黃麴毒素之物化特性，故廣泛作為飼料添加劑以吸附黴菌毒素。碳酸鈣為蛋殼主要成分，蛋雞於熱緊迫下，碳酸鈣代謝異常，為蛋殼強度不佳的主因。本試驗研究目的為測試飼料添加微奈米黏土作為黴菌毒素吸附劑對紅羽土雞生長性能的影響。試驗二為探討奈米碳酸鈣的添加對夏季土雞抗熱緊迫與蛋品質的影響。試驗一將1日齡的紅羽土雞分為對照組 (CON)、黃麴毒素B1 (AFB1)，AFB1+微奈米黏土 (TB、TBB1或TBI1) 高劑量或低劑量 (1000和200 ppm) 共八組進行11週的飼養試驗。在6週齡之前提供土雞含有100 ppb AFB1的飼料，在隨後的5週中給予含有200 ppb AFB1的飼料。試驗二使用20週齡中興大學選育而成 S 品系台灣土雞100隻，分為對照組 (CON)、飲水高低劑量組 (water inclusion, low and high dose)、飼糧高低劑量組 (dietary inclusion, low and high dose) 共五個處理組，進行為期16週的飼養試驗，期間每兩週測定各組雞隻肛溫、血液pH 值及蛋品質。結果顯示AFB1抑制了紅羽土雞的體增重與飼料效率，同時提高肝臟中氧化壓力與發炎指標；添加高劑量TBI1微奈米黏土提升了土雞的體增重及採食量，進而改善其生長性狀及減少消耗還原態榖胱甘肽。給予TB黏土減少了氧化態穀胱甘肽的生成及促發炎因子介白素-1β (interleukin-1β) 的表現，而添加了TBI1黏土可以降低 Sphingomyelinase、Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1、Carnitine palmitoyl transferase、Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-1 mRNA 的表現。但微奈米化黏土的添加並沒有改善黃麴毒素所引發肝臟三酸甘油脂與丙二醛的堆積，且各組血漿三酸甘油脂及非脂化脂肪酸沒有統計上差異，在肝臟組織病理觀察中各組沒差異，腎臟方面給予低劑量TBB1、TBI1黏土能改善毒素的中毒情況使得腎臟空泡化的情形減少。在蛋雞抗熱緊迫方面，飲水量在各處理組間沒有統計上的差異。飼糧中給予0.1%的奈米碳酸鈣與控制組相比有較低的肛溫，而飲水添加0.1%奈米碳酸鈣組其血液 pH 值相較於對照組有上升的趨勢。飲水中添加0.1%奈米碳酸鈣有最高的蛋殼強度與蛋殼厚度 (P < 0.05)；飲水中添加0.05%的奈米碳酸鈣相較其他組有較重的蛋黃重量 (P < 0.05)。以上結果顯示微奈米黏土未來極有潛力作為商業黴菌毒素吸附劑，而飲水中添加奈米碳酸鈣作為立即額外鈣源可以減緩熱緊迫，補充流失的鈣，提升蛋殼品質。

Aflatoxins are often found in the contaminated crops and feedstuff and thus aflatoxicosis seriously threatens the cost of livestock production. Clays and zeolitic materials are rich with aluminosilicates, which can bind to aflatoxins and thereby are used as a mycotoxin absorbent in feedstuff. The study was designed to examine the effect of micro/nano-clays as a mycotoxin adsorbent on the growth performance and to determine hepatic antioxidative capacity, TG content and inflammatory status and related to gene expression. 1-day-old red-feather Taiwan country chickens. were divided into 8 groups, control (CON), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB1+micro/nano-clay (TB, TBB1, or TBI1) with a high or low dosage (1000 and 200 ppm) for a feeding trial up to 11 weeks. In the feeding trial, birds were provided with feed containing 100 ppb AFB1 before age of 6 weeks, and then with 200 ppb AFB1 in the following 5 weeks. Besides, It were provided nano calcium carbonates with a high or low dosage (0.1 and 0.05%) in feed and water for a feeding trial up to 16 weeks. examined for their effects on anti-heat stress and egg quality in laying hens. AFB1 suppressed body weight gain and feed efficiency and promoted hepatic oxidative stress and inflammatory status in red-feather Taiwan country chickens. Dietary inclusion of TBI1 at the high dose increased body weight gain , feed intake and GSH content and TB inclusion suppressed hepatic GSSG content and interleukin-1 production, TBI1 inclusion reduced hepatic SMase (sphingomyelinase), ACC-1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1), CPT-1 (carnitine palmitoyl transferase) transcript level, whereas dietary inclusion of any micro/nano-clays failed to ameliorate hepatic TG (triacylglycerol) and MDA (malondialdehyde) accumulation induced by AFB1. No noticeable changes in hepatic histology were observed by AFB1 and micro/nano-clays. In renal histology, the low dose of TBB1 and TBI1 inclusion improved vacuolization by AFB1. In laying hens, there was no statistically significant difference between water intake levels dietary inclusion of 0.1% nano calcium carbonate ameliorated rectal temperature and 0.1% inclusion in drinking water lowered blood pH value (P < 0.05). In egg quality, 0.1% inclusion in drinking water promoted egg shell strength and thickness whereas 0.05% inclusion promoted yolk weight (P < 0.05). In conclusion, micro/nano-clays effectively ameliorate aflatoxicosis and thus are potential as a commercial mycotoxin binder. Supplementation of nano calcium carbonate in drinking water can provide additional and immediate calcium source to replenish the loss of calcium during heat stress and thereby improve the quality of the eggshell.

壹、前言 1
貳、文獻探討 2
一、黃麴毒素 (Aflatoxins) 2
(一) 黃麴毒素 2
(二) 黃麴毒素產製條件及化學分群 2
(三) 黃麴毒素合成路徑 3
(四) 黃麴毒素毒性機制及效應 4
(五) 黃麴毒素限量標準 6
二、 膨潤土 (Bentonite) 8
(一) 膨潤土 8
(二) 膨潤土物化及水合特性 8
三、微奈米黏土 (Micro/nano-clays) 10
四、氧化壓力 (Oxidative stress) 14
(一) 活性氧物質及其形成路徑 14
(二) 氧化壓力 15
(三) 抗氧化劑及防禦機制 17
五、肝臟脂質新生與代謝 (Hepatic lipogenesis and metabolism) 18
(一) 肝臟脂質新生與代謝 18
(二) 脂肪酸β氧化路徑 19
(三) 神經醯胺 21
六、 炎症反應 (Inflammatory responses) 22
(一) 炎症反應 22
(二) 一氧化氮合成酶 23
(三) 介白素-1 23
七、家禽鈣離子吸收與利用 (Calcium absorption and utilization of poultry) 24
八、研究目的 25
參、材料與方法 26
一、微奈米黏土及奈米碳酸鈣來源 26
二、試驗一動物飼養及生長性狀 26
三、黃麴菌培養及毒素萃取 28
四、肝臟超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase, SOD) 活性分析 28
五、肝臟榖胱甘肽 (Glutathione, GSH) 含量分析 29
六、肝臟丙二醛 (Malondialdehyde, MDA) 含量分析 29
七、肝臟及血漿三酸甘油脂 (Triglycerides, TG) 及非酯化脂肪酸(Non-estesterified fatty acid, NEFA) 含量分析 30
八、肝臟脂肪合成、代謝、促發炎相關基因 mRNA 表現量分析 30
九、西方免疫吸漬分析 (Western blot) 34
十、肝、腎組織病理觀察 (Hepatic and renal histological analysis) 35
十一、試驗二動物飼養及生長性狀 35
十二、統計分析 (Statistical analysis) 36
肆、結果 37
一、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞生長性狀之影響 37
二、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟超氧化物歧化酶 (Superoxide dismutase, SOD) 之影響 40
三、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟榖胱甘肽 (Glutathione, GSH and GSSG) 含量之影響 41
四、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟丙二醛 (Malondialdehyde, MDA) 含量之影響 42
五、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟及血漿三酸甘油脂 (Triglyceride, TG) 及非脂化脂肪酸 (Non-esterifiedfatty acid, NEFA) 含量之影響 43
六、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟脂肪合成代謝及發炎相關基因表現之影響 45
七、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟介白素-1β (Interleukin-1β) 表現量之影響 50
八、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟、腎臟組織病理之影響 51
九、奈米碳酸鈣對台灣土雞夏季飲水量、體溫及血液 pH 值之影響 55
十、奈米碳酸鈣對台灣土雞夏季蛋品質之影響 59
伍、討論 63
一、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞生長性狀影響 63
二、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞抗氧化之影響 64
三、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟脂肪合成、代謝之影響 65
四、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝臟發炎反應基因及促炎激素之影響 66
五、微奈米黏土對黃麴毒素中毒紅羽土雞肝、腎臟組織病理之影響 67
六、奈米化碳酸鈣對台灣土雞夏季飲水量、肛溫及血液 pH 值之影響 67
七、奈米化碳酸鈣對台灣土雞夏季蛋品質之影響 68
陸、結論 69
柒、參考文獻 70

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