茶樹 (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) 病蟲害種類繁多，茶角盲椿象 (Helopeltis fasciaticollis Poppius) 為刺吸茶樹植體的重要害蟲之一，屬半翅目（Hemiptera）、盲椿科（Miridae）、角盲椿屬 (Helopeltis)，其成、若蟲偏好於茶樹新梢部位刺吸危害，造成不規則形褐色斑痕，受害嚴重者將導致新芽、新葉枯萎，影響茶葉產量與品質甚鉅。本研究於室內建立茶角盲椿象之繼代飼育族群，並測試其不同生育期分別在6小時內對臺茶18號（TTES No.18）葉片之危害情形，結果顯示取食斑痕數量以雌成蟲為最多，平均每隻可以造成29.7 ± 3.2個斑痕，與2齡及5齡若蟲之間沒有顯著差異；受害斑痕總面積亦以雌成蟲為最高，平均面積達93.8 ± 10.3 mm2，與5齡若蟲之間沒有顯著差異，但與其他生育期呈顯著差異。自2016年2月起，於南投縣埔里鎮東邦紅茶股份有限公司之有機茶園，調查茶角盲椿象對臺茶7、18號二種茶樹品種的周年危害情形，結果顯示臺茶18號茶區的周年平均受害率為26.9 ± 2.7%，最高出現在6月17日，受害率高達91.1%，且與其他21次調查皆呈顯著差異，最低出現在7月15日，受害率為0.3%；臺茶7號茶區的周年平均受害率為3.3 ± 0.4%，最高出現在6月17日，受害率為14.6%，和6月4日的11.7% 二者間沒有顯著差異，但是和其他20次調查皆呈顯著差異，最低出現在7月15日，受害率為0.2%。臺茶18號周年調查期間，平均單一新梢在中午前受害總面積為40.8 ± 4.6 mm2，平均受害總面積介於2.9 mm2（7月）至83.1 mm2（12月）；而臺茶7號平均單一新梢在中午前受害總面積為3.7 ± 0.6 mm2，平均受害總面積介於0 mm2（9月） 至9.7 mm2（6月），二品種之平均受害葉面積除了2、7月外均呈顯著差異，顯示茶角盲椿象可能對臺茶18號茶樹有選擇偏好性。以單一新梢平均遭受茶角盲椿象危害總面積的周年變化數據與埔里氣象站之溫度、相對濕度、風速、降雨量及降雨日數等氣象資料進行皮爾森積差相關係數 (Pearson product-moment correlation ) 分析，結果顯示茶角盲椿象對臺茶18號的危害情形和月平均相對濕度呈中度正相關，相關係數 (r) 為0.36，但是與月平均風速、月累積降雨量及月累積降雨日數之間均呈中度負相關性，相關係數 (r) 分別為 -0.67、-0.34、-0.68。另於有機茶園調查各種病蟲害發生情形，周年調查結果包括20種害蟲，分別隸屬於半翅目、鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)、鞘翅目 (Coleoptera)、雙翅目 (Diptera) 及直翅目 (Orthoptera) 等5目，及真蟎總目 (Acariformes) 之害蟎2種。病害部分包含外擔菌目 (Exobasidiales) 外擔菌屬 (Exobasidium) 的茶餅病、炭角菌目 (Xylariales) 擬盤多毛孢黴屬 (Pestalotiopsis) 的茶輪斑病、煤煙菌目 (Capnodiales) Capnodium 屬的茶煤煙病、桔色藻目 (Trentepohliales) Cephaleuros 屬的茶藻斑病等4種。

Tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis fasciaticollis Poppius (Hemiptera: Miridae) is one of the major sucking insect pests of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Both nymphs and adults of H. fasciaticollis prefer to feed on the buds and young leaves of tea plants and cause brown feeding spots. Severely damaged shoot will become defoliation and cause loss of yield. The result in lab shows the female adult of H. fasciaticollis can cause the most number of 29.7 ± 3.2 feeding spots, and the highest mean feeding area is 93.8 ± 10.3 mm2. The field annual survey began from February 2016, at the organic tea plantation of Tung-Pang organic black tea company in Puli, Nantou County. The result showed that the mean damage rate of TTES No.18 is 26.9 ± 2.7%, the highest is 91.1% in 6/17, and the lowest is 0.3% in 7/15. The mean damage rate of TTES No.7 is 3.3 ± 0.4%, the highest is 14.6% in 6/17 and no significant difference with 11.7% in 6/4, and the lowest is 0.2% in 7/15. The mean damaged areas of per fresh shoot of TTES No.18 is 40.8 ± 4.6 mm2, the highest is 83.1 mm2 in December and the lowest is 2.9 mm2 in July. The mean damaged area of per fresh shoot of TTES No.7 is 3.7 ± 0.6 mm2, the highest is 9.7 mm2 in June and the lowest is 0 mm2 in September. H. fasciaticollis may prefer to TTES No.18 because there is significantly different between two cultivars except February and July. We used Pearson product-moment correlation to analyze the correlation between climatic parameters and annual fluctuations of the mean damaged area of per fresh shoot of TTES No.18. The result shows that relative humidity was found to be positively correlated to H. fasciaticollis infestation of TTES No.18 (with correlation coefficient r = 0.36). Wind speed, precipitation and day of precipitation was found to be negatively correlated to H. fasciaticollis infestation of TTES No.18 (with correlation coefficient r = -0.67, r = -0.34, r = -0.68, respectively). The result of identification of the tea insect pests includes 5 orders (Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera) 20 species, and spider mites includes 2 species of Acariformes. Identification of diseases of tea includes blister blight of Exobasidiales, Exobasidium; gray blister of Xylariales, Pestalotiopsis; sooty mold of Capnodiales, Capnodium; Algal spot of Trentepohliales, Cephaleuros 4 species.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目次 v
表目次 vii
圖目次 viii
前言 1
前人研究 3
一、茶樹的栽培 3
二、常見茶樹害蟲與害蟎 4
三、常見茶樹病害 10
四、角盲椿屬害蟲發生概況 13
五、臺灣角盲椿屬害蟲研究 14
材料與方法 16
一、室內實驗 16
(一) 茶角盲椿象 (Helopeltis fasciaticollis Poppius) 蟲源與室內繼代飼育 16
(二) 茶角盲椿象各生育期危害能力評估 16
二、茶角盲椿象於有機茶園周年危害調查 17
(一) 調查地點與樣區規劃 17
(二) 二種品種茶樹受害新梢調查與採樣標準之建立 18
(三) 二種品種茶樹新梢受害率周年調查 18
(四) 二種品種茶樹平均單一新梢受害面積周年調查 18
三、統計分析 19
(一) 室內試驗-茶角盲椿象各生育期危害能力評估 19
(二) 茶角盲椿象於有機茶園周年危害調查 19
(三) 茶樹新梢受害情形與氣象相關性分析 19
四、有機茶園病蟲害相調查與鑑定 20
結果 21
一、室內實驗-茶角盲椿象各生育期危害能力評估 21
二、茶角盲椿象於有機茶園周年危害調查 21
(一) 二種品種茶樹新梢葉片受害後徵狀變化 21
(二) 二種品種茶樹的新梢受害率周年調查 22
(三) 二種品種茶樹單一新梢平均受害面積周年調查 23
(四) 茶樹葉片受害情形與氣象因子間之相關性分析 24
三、有機茶園病蟲害發生記錄與鑑定 25
四、茶樹各種害蟲與病原菌形態、田間危害特徵 28
(一) 害蟲部分 28
(二) 病害部分 37
討論 40
一、茶角盲椿象各生育期危害能力評估 40
二、二種品種茶樹新梢受害率周年調查 41
三、二種品種茶樹單一新梢平均受害面積周年調查 42
四、茶樹葉片受害情形與氣象因子間之相關性分析 43
五、有機茶園病蟲害發生記錄與鑑定 44
結論 48
參考文獻 49

Azuma S. 1968. The fruit''s pests in Okinawa. (2) Insect pests of banana, papaya, guava and mango. J Okinawa Agric 7: 21-25. (in Japanese)
Banerjee B. 1970. Aggregating behavior of the caterpillars of Andraca bipunctata Walker (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera). Set. Cult 36: 236-238.
Banerjee B. 1979a. A factor analysis of the population fluctuations in Andraca bipunctata Walker (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Bull Entomol Res 69: 195-201.
Banerjee B. 1979b. Intratree variation in the distribution of the tea red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner). Acarologia 21: 216-220.
Banerjee B. 1982. A strategy for the control of Andraca bipunctata Walker on tea.Crop Prot 1: 115-119.
Banerjee B. 1983. Arthropod accumulation on tea in young and old habitats. Ecol Entomol 8: 117-123.
Basu Majumder A, Bera B, Rajan A. 2010. Tea statistics: global scenario. Int J Tea Sci 8: 121-124.
Benjamin DM. 1968. Insects and mites on tea in Africa and adjacent islands. East Afr Agric For J 3: 345-357.
Bhuyan M, Bhattacharyya P. 2006. Feeding and oviposition preference of Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) on tea in Northeast India. Insect Sci.13: 485-488.
Chakraborty U, Chakraborty N. 2005. Impact of environmental factors on infestation of tea leaves by Helopeltis theivora, and associated changes in
flavonoid flavor components and enzyme activities. Phytoparasitica 33: 88-96.
Chen HT, Liew TL, Kao MC, Hu CC. 1978. Ecological studies of the tea leaf-hopper Empoasca formosana Paoli and its control. Plant Prot Bull 20: 93-105.
Chen JS, Thseng FM, Ko WH. 1987. Twig die-back of tea caused by Macrophoma theicola in Taiwan. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 53: 198-202.
Chen TM, Chen SF. 1982. Disease of tea and their control in People''s Republic of China. Plant Dis 66: 961-965.
Chen ZM, Chen XF. 1989. An analysis of world tea pest fauna. J Tea Sci 9: 13-22.
Cranham JE. 1966. Tea pests and their control. Annu Rev Entomol 11: 491-514.
Danthanarayana W. 1968. The distribution and host-range of the shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh.) of tea. Tea Q 39: 61-69.
Das GM. 1959. Bionomics of the tea red spider, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner). Bull Entomol Res 50: 265-274.
Das GM. 1960. Occurrence of the red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner), on tea in northeast India in relation to pruning and defoliation. Bull Entomol Res 51: 415-426.
Devasahayam S, Nair CPR. 1986. The mosquito bug, Helopeltis antonii Sign. on cashew in India. J Plant Crop 14: 1-10.
Ezuka A. 1990. Notes on some species of Exobasidium in Japan (I). Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 31: 375-388.
Ezuka A, Ando Y. 1994. Disease of tea. Tokyo: Japan Plant Protection Association. (in Japanese)
Gotoh T, Nagata T. 2001. Development and reproduction of Oligonychus coffeae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on tea. Int J Acarol 27: 293-298.
Han BY, Cui L. 2003. Natural population life table of citrus spiny whitefly (Aleurocanthus spiniferus) in tea garden. Acta Ecol Sin 23: 1781-1790. (in Chinese with English summary)
Hazarika LK, Bhuyan M, Hazarika BN. 2009. Insect pests of tea and theirmanagement. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 267-284.
Hicks A. 2009. Current status and future development of global tea production and tea products. AU J 12: 251-264.
Hirata, S. 1957. Studies on the phytohormone in the malformed portion of the diseased plants 3. Auxin formation on the culture grown Exobasidium, Taphrina and Ustilago spp. Ann Phytopath Soc Jpn 22: 153-158.
Ho CC. 2000. Spider-mite problems and control in Taiwan. Exp Appl Acarol 24: 453-462.
Horikawa T. 1986. Yield loss of new tea shoots due to grey blight caused by Pestalotia longiseta Spegazzini. Bulletin of the Shizuoka Tea Experimental Station 12: 1-8.
Hsiao SN, Shiao JH. 2004. Monitoring of major tea pest and disease in eastern part of Taiwan. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 23: 91-116. (in Chinese)
Hsu ST, Chang TT, Chang CA, Tsai JL, Tsay TT. 2002. List of plant disease in Taiwan. Taiwan: Taiwan Phytopathological Society. 386 pp.
Huang CC, Tsay JG, Cheng HF. 1996. Preliminary survey on the disease and insect pest of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Chia-Yi mountain area. J Nat Chia-Yi Inst Agric 47: 119-127.
Jojiro N. 1988. Breeding habit of the yellowish elongate chafer, Heptophylla picea Motschulsky (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) on tea plant leaves. Appl Entomol Zool 23: 362-364.
Kanmiya K, Ueda S, Kasai A, Yamashita K, Sato Y, Yoshiyasu Y. 2011. Proposal of new specific status for tea-infesting populations of the nominal citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Zootaxa 2797: 25-44.
Kasai A, Yamashita K, Yoshiyasu Y. 2010. Tea-infesting population of the citrus spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), does not accept citrus leaves. Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool 54: 140-143. (in Japanese with English summary)
Lee ES, Shin KS, Kim MS, Park H, Cho S, Kim CB. 2006. The mitochondrial genome of the smaller tea tortrix Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Gene 373: 52-57.
Lee SJ, Chen GH, Tseng JTC. 2014. Correlation between cultivation altitudes of oolong tea plants and the astringency of their tea infusions. J Agric Forestry 63: 107-113.
Lever RJAW. 1949. The tea mosquito bugs (Helopeltis spp.) in the Cameron Highlands. Malay Agric J 32: 91-108.
Luo YM, Jin QA. 1985. Note on two Helopeltis bugs in Hainan Island. Chinese J Tropi Crops 6: 110-128. (in Chinese)
Manabendra D, Mithun R. 2011. Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse: A threat for tea plantation in north east India. Asian J Biochem Pharm Res 4: 70-73.
Miller NCE. 1941. Insects associated with cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaya. Bull Entomol Res 32: 1-15.
Minamikawa J, Osakabe M. 1979. Injurious Insect on Tea Plant. Tokyo: Japan Plant Protection Association. 322 pp. (in Japanese)
Miyatake T, Nakasone S, Azuma S. 1990. The pests of loquat in the Okinawa Island. J Okinawa Agric 25: 19-23. (in Japanese)
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Laxmikumaran M, Ahuja PS. 2004. Recent advances of tea (Camellia sinensis) biotechnology. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 76: 195-254.
Niitsu S. 2003. Postembryonic development of the wing imaginal disc in the female wingless bagworm moth, Eumeta variegata (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). J Morphol 257: 164-170.
Ogata K. 1958. Studies on the far eastern urticating moth. Eupractis flava Bremer, as a pest of medical importance I. Morphological notes. Jpn J Sanit Zool 9: 116-129. (in Japanese with English summary)
Qin D, Zhang L, Xiao Q, Dietrich C, Matsumura M. 2015. Clarification of the identity of the tea green leafhopper based on morphological comparison between Chinese and Japanese specimens. PLoS One 10: 1-13.
Roy SJ, Grzegorz B, Byun B. 2015. A new and an unrecorded species of the family Psychidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with an annotated catalogue. J Nat Hist 50: 669-680.
Roy S, Mukhopadhyay A, Gurusubramanian G. 2009a. Population dynamics of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, Heteroptera: Miridae) in the subHimalayan Dooars tea plantation and possible suggestion of their management strategies. Curr Biotica 2: 414-428.
Roy S, Mukhopadhyay A, Gurusubramanian G. 2009b. Varietal preference and feeding behaviour of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) on tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Acad J Entomol 2: 1-9.
Saigusa T. 1962. On some basic concepts of the evolution of psychid moths from the points of view of the comparative ethology and morphology. Tyo to Ga 12: 120-143. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Sajeewa SN, Maharachchikumbura, Ekachai C, Guo LD, Pedro WC, Mckenzie Eric HC, Kevin DH. ,2013. Pestalotiopsis species associated with Camellia sinensis (tea). Mycotaxon 123: 47-61.
Samuel F. 1977. Biology of Toxoptera aurantii (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cocoa in Ghana. J Nat Hist 11: 409-416.
Savitri KN, Priyadarshine H, Adikaram NKB. 1995. Attack on tea by Xyleborus fornicatus: inhibition of the symbiote, Monacrosporium ambrosium, by caffeine. Phytochemistry 40: 1113-1116.
Srikumar KK, Shivarama BP. 2012. Field survey and comparative biology of tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis spp.) on cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.). J Cell Anim Biol 6: 200-206.
Srikumar KK, Bhat PS, Raviprasad TN, Vanitha K, Krishna KNK, Rebijith KB, Asokan R. 2013. Distribution of major sucking pest, Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) of cashew in India. Proc Zool Soc 68: 30-35.
Shih HH, Fu CH, Hsieh HJ. 2008. The studies of Exobasidium of Theaceae from Taiwan. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 27: 73-84.
Stonedahl GM. 1991. The Oriental species of Helopeltis (Heteroptera:
Miridae): a review of economic literature and guide to identification. Bull Entomol Res 81: 465-490.
Su DL. 1981. Mulberry tussock moth dermatitis-a study of an epidemic of unknown origin. J Epidemiol Commun Health 35: 1-4.
Suh NH. 1994. Illustrated Book of Tea Pests and Diseases. Wenshan Substation, Tea Research and Extention Station, Taipei, pp. 28-29 (part) (in Chinese).
Sundararaju D. 1984. Cashew pest and their natural enemies. J Plantation Crops 12: 38-46.
Sundararaju D, Sundara BPC. 1999. Helopeltis spp. (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their management in plantation and horticultural crops of India. J Plantation Crops 27: 155-174.
Tamaki Y. 1991. Tortircids in tea. pp. 541–551. In: Geest LPSVD, Evenhuis HH., (eds). Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Tetsuya Y, Sadao W, Norio A. 1995. Identification of sex attractant pheromone components of the tussock moth, Euproctis taiwana (Shiraki)
(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J Chem Ecol 21: 1813-1822.
Thseng FM, Chen JS, Ko WH. 2004. The relationship between branch canker and twig dieback of tea caused by Macrophoma theicola. J Phytopathol 152: 423-426.
Tseng FM. 2008. Algal Leaf Spot of tea plant caused by Cephaeluros virescens Kunze in Taiwan. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 27: 85-88.
Tseng HK. 1990. Life history and consumption damage of Helopeltis cinchonae, the tea mosquito bug. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 9: 71-77.
Varshney RK. 2012. A review of Indian Coccids (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Orient Insects 19: 1-101.
Visser T, Shanmuganathan N, Sabanayagan JV. 1961. The influence of sunshine and rain on tea blister blight, Exobasidium vexans Massee, in Ceylon. Ann Appl Biol 49: 306-315.
Wang C. 1982a. Insect pests and their injury on rose. J Agric Res China 31: 97-101. (in Chinese with English summary)
Wang C. 1982b. Insect pests and their injury on gladiolus in Taiwan. J Agric Res China 31: 173-176. (in Chinese with English summary)
Wang X, Zeng L, Wang M. 2011. The genus Andraca (Lepidoptera, Endromidae)
in China with descriptions of a new species. ZooKeys 127: 29-42.
Wen HC, Hao HH, Lu FM, Liou TD. 2007. Survey of insect pests on herbs in southern Taiwan. Plant Prot Bull 49: 127-135.
Wolf FT, Wolf FA. 1952. Pathology of Camellia leaves infected by Exobasidium Camelliae var. gracile Shirai. Phytopathology 42: 147-149.
Yamashita K, Hayashida Y, Haigata M, Tani M. 2005. Occurrence of citrus spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance), confirmed in tea plants for the first time from Japan. Tea Res J 100: 86-87. (in Japanese)
Yasuda T. 1975. The Tortricinae and Sparganothinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bull Univ Osaka Prefect Ser B 27: 79-251.
Yoichi S, Yukio K. 2000. Flight activity of the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 35: 459-466.
Yoshiyuki T. 2002. Genetic analysis of tea gray blight resistance in tea plant. JARQ 36: 143-150.
Zwick A, Regier JC, Mitter C, Cummings MP. 2011. Increased gene sampling yields robust support for higher-level clades within Bombycoidea (Lepidoptera). Syste Entomol 36: 31-43.