臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

水稻為臺灣最主要生產與消費的糧食作物，開發高產品種一直是水稻育種重要目標之一，其中雜種優勢運用是一可行的方向，兩系法雜交水稻為目前超級雜交稻的主要選育方法。本論文比較高產的純系水稻與超級雜交稻在臺灣的生產表現，探究兩者在臺灣環境下表現的高產潛力。進一步就試驗場域進行環境因子分析，藉以評估、建構臺灣環境下的兩系法雜交水稻雄不稔親本篩選、鑑定模式。再以篩選所得之材料，探討不同光/溫敏雄不稔相關基因在臺灣環境的表現，最終以分子輔助選拔方式將相關基因導入臺灣栽培品種，建構臺灣兩系雜交稻育種的基礎技術平台。
收集國際上20個高產的純系水稻品種及7個中國大陸超級雜交稻品種分別進行產量評估試驗，結果顯示高產的純系水稻品種與臺灣栽培品種TN 11或TNG 67的產量無顯著差異或較低。穗數及一穗穎花數為影響高產純系水稻品種產量的主要因子。而參試超級雜交稻品種普遍顯著比對照品種TCS 17高產，產量最高品種約比TCS 17增產2.0 Mg ha-1 (一期作) 與1.2 Mg ha-1 (二期作)。超級雜交稻在臺灣栽培，必須保證其單株穎花數及維持一定的單位面積穗數，才能獲致高產。因此，穗數與一穗穎花數的改善是提高臺灣水稻產量可行的方向。
藉由相關資料蒐集、場域分析、方法設計，進行水稻光/溫敏雄不稔種原篩選。利用自然環境的變化，以延後二期作栽培期的方式，成功建立簡易、可供大規模選拔及驗證的育種選拔模式。同時亦從超級雜交稻「88S/0293」組合分離後裔，篩選獲得同時具有光敏雄不稔pms3基因與溫敏雄不稔tms5基因的光/溫敏雄不稔新品系「MSA」及一系列帶有不同基因組合的重組自交系。遺傳分析結果顯示，不論各雜交組合是否僅包含pms3基因、tms5基因或同時有兩個基因，所有雜交組合均僅符合1對隱性基因的分離比；利用雜交後裔進行基因型與表現型的連鎖分析，顯示在第2對染色體存在一個與光/溫敏雄不稔有關的QTL (qTMS5)，可解釋變異量達82.88%-95.96%，惟pms3基因的貢獻度則極低。因此，推測在臺灣一期作環境中qTMS5的作用極大，足以掩蓋住其他因子表現，或臺灣一期作環境無法誘導pms3基因的表現。以光敏雄不稔pms3基因的功能性分子標誌pms3-CAPS與溫敏雄不稔tms5基因的緊密連鎖分子標誌tms5-InDel，可直接應用於秈稉雜交的分子輔助篩選，僅需在高世代進行特性鑑定，即可快速選拔出具有pms3與tms5兩個基因的光/溫敏雄不稔品系。同時帶有pms3、tms5兩個基因的近同源系，其雄不稔性表現較佳且穩定。本論文成果除建立兩系雜交水稻雄不稔親本的大規模育種選拔方法外，並為將來臺灣兩系雜交水稻的選育提供有用的基礎資訊。

Abstract
Rice is the most widely crop grown and staple food in Taiwan. Therefore, developing a rice cultivar with high yield is one of main aims of rice breeding. While the use of heterosis is currently a potential strategy, the two-line hybrid rice breeding is the main method for super hybrid rice. In this study, we utilized the high-yielding rice (pure line) and super-hybrid rice variety to explore the potential of increasing yield in the environment in Taiwan. The environmental factors of the test field were analyzed, evaluated, and screened to establish the male sterility line for selection of two-line hybrid rice in Taiwan. Furthermore, with the screened materials, we studied different photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility-related gene expressions and thus to introduce them into Taiwan’s cultivars by molecular-assisted backcrossing (MAB) as the two-lines hybrid rice breeding technology platform.
The yield evaluation experiment was carried out with 20 international high-yielding rice and 7 super-hybrid rice varieties from China, and the results showed that there was no significant difference (or lower performance) between the yield of high-yielding rice varieties and the ones of Taiwan cultivars TN 11 or TNG 67. Panicle number and spikelet number per panicle were the main factors affecting the yield of high-yielding varieties. Super-hybrid rice varieties were higher than the control varieties TCS 17, which its highest yield was increased about 2.0 Mg ha-1 (first crop) and 1.2 Mg ha-1 (second crop) than TCS 17. These results indicated that increasing spikelet number per panicle and maintaining enough panicle number per meter square were a potential ways to obtain higher yield for super-hybrid rice cultivation in Taiwan.
By data collection, field environment analysis, and selection method design, the screening of the different photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility germplasm was conducted. And by adjustment of transplanting date according to panicle differentiation stage in second crop season, we successfully established a simple breeding-model for screening and validation which can be applied on large-scale selection. From the super-hybrid rice ‘88S / 0293’ variety, we screened the new strain “MSA” which has both pms3 and tms5 genes, and also recombinants inbreeding lines with different combinations of pms3 and tms5 genes. The genetic analysis showed that all hybrid combinations have only the separation ratio of one individual recessive gene no matter whether the hybrid combinations included the pms3 gene, the tms5 gene or both. Linked analysis of genotype and phenotype by hybrid progeny indicated that there was a QTL (qTMS5) associated with photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility in the chromosome 2, which could explain the variance of 82.88% -95.96%, while the pms3 gene contribution was very low at 0.3%. Therefore, we can assume that either the role of qTMS5 QTL is greater distinctively over the other factors, or it can not be induced the expression of pms3 gene in Taiwan’s first crop season environment. Using the functional marker of the pms3 gene, pms3-CAPS, and the tms5 gene closely linkage markers, tms5-InDel, the method can be applied to the molecular-assisted selection of indica/japonica hybrid combinations. With only the high generation to phenotyping, we can efficiently sort out new photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterility lines containing the two genes, pms3 and tms5. The male sterility phenotype are better and stable with the near-isogenic lines (NILs) of two genes of pms3 and tms5. In addition to the establishment of two-line hybrid rice male sterility parents large-scale breeding selection method, the study also provides useful basic information for the breeding of Taiwanese two-line hybrid rice.

章 節 頁次
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………… i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………… iii
目錄………………………………………………………………………… v
表目錄……………………………………………………………………… vii
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………… ix
附錄………………………………………………………………………… xii
縮寫對照表………………………………………………………………… xiii

第一章 緒言……………………………………………………………… 1
參考文獻………………………………………………………… 4
第二章 高產水稻品種產量潛力之比較研究
一、 前言……………………………………………………………… 9
二、 前人研究………………………………………………………… 10
三、 材料與方法……………………………………………………… 13
四、 結果……………………………………………………………… 15
五、 討論……………………………………………………………… 23
六、 參考文獻………………………………………………………… 29
第三章 超級雜交稻產量潛力之比較研究
一、 前言……………………………………………………………… 48
二、 前人研究………………………………………………………… 49
三、 材料與方法………………………………………………………51
四、 結果………………………………………………………………53
五、 討論………………………………………………………………60
六、 參考文獻…………………………………………………………66
第四章 兩系雜交水稻親本適應性篩選、表現與評估
一、 前言………………………………………………………………79
二、 前人研究…………………………………………………………80
三、 材料與方法………………………………………………………82
四、 結果………………………………………………………………91
五、 討論………………………………………………………………101
六、 參考文獻…………………………………………………………106
第五章 光/溫敏雄不稔相關基因之定位與分析
一、 前言………………………………………………………………132
二、 前人研究…………………………………………………………133
三、 材料與方法………………………………………………………135
四、 結果………………………………………………………………138
五、 討論………………………………………………………………142
六、 參考文獻…………………………………………………………145
第六章 利用分子標誌輔助選育水稻臺農67號光/溫敏雄不稔近同源系
一、 前言………………………………………………………………168
二、 前人研究…………………………………………………………169
三、 材料與方法………………………………………………………171
四、 結果………………………………………………………………173
五、 討論………………………………………………………………177
六、 參考文獻…………………………………………………………180
第七章 結論………………………………………………………………195
參考文獻………………………………………………………… 199

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