臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Agriculture nonpoint source pollution is on the major sources of freshwater eutrophication. This research undergoes a water quality analysis of North Stann Creek Watershed (NSCW) and South Stann Creek Watershed (SSCW) in Belize. It Assessed and compare the temporal variation of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (TB), turbidity, temperature (T), pH and fecal coliform bacteria in wet and dry period, identified if riparian buffer zone (RBZ) width, slope, vegetation type, agriculture fertilizer and human activities is important to nutrients in surface water, lastly determined if TN and TP in adjacent farms and affect TN and TP in water after rainfall. Six sites in both watersheds were selected include reference site, and six site adjacent water site were selected for farm and RBZ site. A multi-meter probe was used to measure physical parameters, a colorimeter was used to measure chemical parameters, and bacteria were cultured on petri film. RBZ width, slope, vegetation type and coverage was recorded. TN and TP increases significantly (P <0.05) from upstream to downstream. In both watershed TP and TN were higher in wet period than dry period and varied in levels at sites with wide-ranging RBZ characteristics and influence of villages, factory waste ponds and packaging facilities. DO was significantly higher in NSCW dry period and SSCW wet period. DO in NSCW comes from aquatic plant photosynthesis and DO in SSCW comes from mixing of water by rapids. DO did not decrease significantly with increased T because there is no major seasonal variation in T as research was done in the same season. TB is significantly higher in SSCW wet period indicating excessive nutrient loads via surface runoff. EAB is significantly higher in NSCW wet period and comes from village sewage via surface runoff or leaching into groundwater. RBZ vegetation type, width and slope, human activities and agriculture fertilizer was important to TP and TN in water. NSCW has patchier citrus farms, less concentration of trees and more natural drains. SSCW has concentrated citrus and banana farms, less natural drains. Point source pollution affected SSCW and is more polluted, agriculture nonpoint source pollution affected both watersheds. Water quality standard were within USEPA, 1988 criterion. RBZ should be improved by increasing width and vegetation type, application of fertilizer during rainy season should be adjusted and the washing of fertilizer bags as well as laundry in the rivers should be stopped. Concrete drains should be converted to natural drains in various areas of SSCW to ensure buffering of nutrients by RBZ.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Research Objectives 3
1.2. Hypotheses 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. Watershed 5
2.2. Water Pollution 5
2.3. Nutrients in Surface Water 5
2.3.1. Phosphorus 6
2.3.2. Nitrogen 6
2.4. Laundry Detergent 7
2.5. Microbes in Surface Water 7
2.5.1. Klebsiella 8
2.5.2. Salmonella 9
2.5.3. Shigella 9
2.6. Physical Parameters in Water 9
2.6.1. Dissolved Oxygen 9
2.6.2. Temperature 10
2.6.3. Turbidity 10
2.6.4. pH 11
2.7. Erosion and Surface Runoff 11
2.7.1. Agriculture, Erosion and Surface Runoff 12
2.7.2. Deforestation, Erosion and Surface Runoff 12
2.8. Riparian Buffer Zones 13
3. METHODOLOGY 14
3.1. Study Area 14
3.1.1. North Stann Creek Watershed 14
3.1.2. South Stann Creek Watershed 14
3.2. Selection of Sample Sites for Water Quality Testing 15
3.3. Selection of Sample Sites for Soil Testing and Riparian Buffer Zone Observation 16
3.4. Timeline for Data Collection 18
3.5. Water Sample Collection 18
3.6. On Site Water Quality Testing 19
3.6.1. Physical Parameters 19
3.7. Laboratory Water Quality Testing 19
3.7.1. Microbial Parameters 19
3.7.2. Chemical Parameters 20
3.8. Soil Sample Collection 20
3.8.1. Riparian Buffer Zone Soil Sample Collection 20
3.8.2. Farm Site Soil Sample Collection 21
3.9. Recording coverage of vegetation type, slope of riparian buffer zone, site description and measuring riparian buffer zone. 21
3.10. Soil Testing 23
3.11. Rainfall and Farmer Fertilizer Application Strategy 23
3.12. Data Analysis 24
3.12.1. Microbial Parameters in Water 24
3.12.2. Chemical Parameters in Water 24
3.12.3. Physical Parameters in Water 25
3.12.4. Chemicals Parameters in Soil and Water 25
4. RESULTS 26
4.1. Total Phosphorus in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed from Upstream to Downstream 26
4.2. Total Nitrogen in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed from Upstream to Downstream 28
4.3. Average Total Phosphorus at Sites in the North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Periods 30
4.4. Average Total Nitrogen at Sites in the North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Periods 31
4.5 Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Soil and Water in Wet period 32
4.6. Enterobacteriacea in North Stann Creek and South Stann Creek Dry and Wet Period 34
4.7. Dissolved Oxygen in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Period 35
4.8. Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature 36
4.9. Turbidity in North Stann Creek Watershed and in South Stann Creek Watershed 38
4.10. Pollution in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Wet and Dry Period. 39
5. DISCUSSION 41
5.1. Total Phosphorus in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed from Upstream to Downstream 41
5.2. Total Nitrogen in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed from Upstream to Downstream 41
5.3. Average Total Phosphorus at Sites in the North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Periods 42
5.4. Average Total Nitrogen at Sites in the North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Periods 43
5.5. Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Soil and Water in Wet period 45
5.6. Enterobacteriacea in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Period 46
5.7. Dissolved Oxygen in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Period 47
5.8. Relationship of Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Period 48
5.9. Turbidity in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed Dry and Wet Period 48
5.10. Pollution in North Stann Creek Watershed and South Stann Creek Watershed 49
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 52
7. REFERENCES 54
8. APPENDICES 61
Appendix A. Data Collected from North Stann Creek Water Shed Dry and Wet Period 61
Appendix B. Data Collected from South Stann Creek Water Shed Dry and Wet Period 63
Appendix C. Data Collected from North Stann Creek and South Stann Creek Adjacent Farm Soil and Riparian Buffer Zone Soil 65
Appendix D. Photos of North Stann Creek Watershed Various Sites and Surrounding Characteristics 67
Appendix E. Photos of South Stann Creek Watershed Various Sites and Surrounding Characteristics 72
Appendix F. Survey Questionnaire for Fertilizer Application and Methodology 76

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