臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

斑點樹蛙（polypedates megacephalus）為台灣外來物種，在台灣迅速繁殖後，減少了原生樹蛙的棲息地和食物。近年來，有些團體為斑腿樹蛙進行外來物種清除計劃，但安樂死方法仍應符合人道主義的方式。麻醉青蛙的常見途徑是浸泡，氣麻，注射和貼片給藥。因為青蛙皮膚對水，藥物和電解質具有高滲透性獨特性質，浸入式麻醉是大多數兩棲動物的首選方法。用於浸泡在青蛙中的最常見的麻醉劑，包括tricaine, benzocaine和丁香油。以上在有效性，可靠性，安全性和可逆性方面的高度變異性等，都不能被認為是最佳的。Azaperone是一種具有鎮靜和止吐作用的butyrophenoneu衍生物之神經安定藥，主要用作獸用鎮定劑。二甲基亞砜（DMSO）是最早和最廣泛研究的滲透促進劑之一，並增強了各種藥物如B-阻滯劑和其他抗高血壓藥物的促皮滲透。本研究的目的是確定不同濃度的Azaperone與DMSO組合的鎮靜作用，找出適用在斑腿數蛙浸潤麻醉的最佳組合。研究分為三個階段。進行第一階段以鑑定能夠在青蛙中產生麻醉誘導的Azaperone - DMSO組合的濃度。第二階段用其他八隻動物測試以上有效濃度。第三階段則以最有效的濃度組合來進行浸潤時間延長為2倍的藥效測試。每次實驗皆以5分鐘的間隔測量心搏速率、呼吸速率、眼瞼反射、翻正反射，肌伸張反射、疼痛反射和顎張力變化，直到觀察到正常的翻正反射為止。結果發現以Azaperone 800mg / L與12.5％（v / v）DMSO組合，在斑腿樹蛙中產生最佳的有效麻醉。產生麻醉誘導的平均持續時間為767±86秒，恢復期時間為1823.63±572.09秒。本次實驗中僅一隻樹蛙死亡，其他皆存活，且沒有發生長期併發症。然而，在麻醉週期中仍注意到部分的副作用，像是皮膚紅疹，肌強直和延長恢復等。這是首次在樹蛙中進行麻醉的研究之一，在斑腿樹蛙中使用Azaperone - DMSO浸潤麻醉提供了有效的鎮靜作用。

Spot-legged tree frogs （ Polypedates megacephalus ） as a foreign species and it reduced habitat area and food of native tree frogs after the rapid propagation in Taiwan. In recent years, some groups have carried out alien species removal plan for the spot-legged tree frogs, but the methods of euthanasia are still in line with the humanitarian way to be sure. The most common anaesthesia agents used for bath immersion in frogs including of tricaine, benzocaine, and clove oil. None of above can be considered to be optimal for amphibians due to their high variability in terms of effectiveness, reliability, safety and reversibility. Azaperone is butyrophenone derivatives a kind of neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine. Dimethyl sulphoxides （DMSO） is one of the earliest and most widely studied penetration enhancers and enhances the transdermal permeation of a variety of drugs like B- blockers and other antihypertensive drugs. The objective of this study to determine the sedation effect of the combination azaperone and DMSO in differentand propotions find out the best combination for immersion anaesthesia in spot-legged tree frogs. The study comprised three phases. The first phase was carried out to identify the concentration of azaperone-DMSO combination capable of producing anaesthetic induction in the frogs. The second phase was aimed at testing the concentrations in other eight additional animals. The third phase was aimed at testing the most effective combination in two times the sedation time. Heart rate, respiratory rate, righting, myotatic corneal reflexes and nociceptive withdrawal reflex were measured at 5 min intervals until normal righting reflex was observed. Azaperone 800 mg/L combined with 12.5% （v/v） DMSO administered via immersion produced the best effective anaesthesia in spot-legged tree frogs. The average duration of producing anaesthetic induction was 767±86 seconds and the recovery time was 1823.63±572.09 seconds. Only one of the frogs enrolled in the study died but the anaesthesia and long-term complications in the others did not occur. However, undesired side-effects likely skin rash, myoclonus and prolonged recovery, were noticed during the perianaesthetic period. This is of one of the first studies of anaesthesia in the shrub frogs and offer an effective sedation in spot-legged tree frogs by the azaperone- DMSO immersion anaesthesia.

摘 要 i
Abstract ii
目 次 iii
表 次 vi
圖 次 viii
第一章 緒言 1
第二章 文獻探討 3
第一節 蛙的介紹 3
一、 兩生綱-無尾目 3
二、 樹蛙簡介 3
第二節 兩棲類之呼吸生理 4
一、 外皮系統 4
二、 呼吸系統 5
第三節 蛙的麻醉給藥及常用藥物 5
一、 浸潤式麻醉劑 6
二、 注射式麻醉劑 8
三、 吸入式麻醉劑 8
四、 止痛藥 9
五、 安樂死 9
第四節 鎮靜中之監控 10
一、 心跳監測 10
二、 呼吸監測 10
三、 麻醉甦醒 10
第五節 Butyrophenones 衍生物 11
一、 簡介 11
二、 藥理機制及藥物作用 11
三、 其他動物臨床應用 12
第六節 促皮膚增進藥物滲透吸收之藥物 13
一、 藥物介紹 14
二、 藥理機制及藥物作用 14
三、 臨床應用 15
第三章 材料與方法 19
第一節 實驗動物之照養 19
第二節 藥物 19
一、 使用之藥物 19
二、 實驗藥物配製 19
三、 藥浴方式 20
第三節 實驗方法與設計 20
一、 麻醉實驗監測 20
二、 麻醉期間反射監測 21
三、 麻醉分期 21
四、 預備實驗 22
五、 正式實驗一：有效劑量篩選 23
六、 正式實驗二：有效劑量確認 23
第四節 統計分析 25
一、 Tukey法 25
二、 Dunnett法（多重組群之比較） 25
第四章 實驗結果 26
第一節 預備實驗 26
第二節 正式實驗一：有效劑量篩選 28
一、 實驗動物體重 28
二、 各劑量組之鎮靜分級時間 28
三、 恢復期恢復翻正反射時間 28
四、 恢復眼瞼反射時間 29
五、 恢復肌伸張反射時間 29
六、 恢復疼痛反射時間 30
七、 恢復顎張力時間 30
八、 心率百分比隨時間變化 30
九、 呼吸速率百分比隨時間變化 31
十、 鎮靜級數隨時間的變化 31
第三節 正式實驗二：有效劑量確認 46
一、 實驗動物體重 46
二、 各時間組之鎮靜分級時間 46
三、 恢復期恢復翻正反射時間 46
四、 恢復期的各項反射恢復時間 47
五、 心搏速率（心率）百分比隨時間變化 47
六、 呼吸速率百分比隨時間變化 47
第五章 討論 63
參考文獻 67

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