臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國際關係研究中，研究對象多以大國或強權間的互動發展反映國際體系，中小型國家在國際體系中影響力較小，對於安全策略的選擇經常受大國影響，從而選擇抗衡或扈從做為其主要的安全策略。然而，隨著歐洲歷經多次大戰、冷戰、後冷戰與區域整合的發展下，歐洲中小型國家除了抗衡與扈從的安全策略外，亦有選擇以中立地位維護自我國家利益者，也因此在歐洲地區產生了五個中立國家，而本文個案將聚焦於瑞士、奧地利與芬蘭。
2014年烏克蘭危機發生後，重重影響歐俄地區的發展，可能產生歐洲地區的能源供應危機，在雙方制裁與反制裁的來往下，經濟貿易也有所損失，更重要的是俄羅斯的軍事侵略行動撼動歐洲地區的軍事安全。儘管在歐洲地區的中立國不希望在歐俄之間選邊站，但由於中立國瑞士、奧地利與芬蘭身處歐洲地區，且奧地利與芬蘭又屬歐盟會員國，因此三個國家對於歐盟經濟制裁以及北約軍事行動等議題具有密切關聯，於是對於烏克蘭危機的回應備受國際社會高度關注。
因此本文利用外交層次、軍事層次、制裁層次和誘因層次等外交政策手段，來檢視瑞士、奧地利與芬蘭在烏克蘭危機後如何反應與回應？藉此探析外生因素以及內生因素對歐洲中立國中立外交政策的影響，究竟在面對相同國際重大事件時，外生因素與內生因素何者為主要影響力，何者為間接影響力？

In the study of international relations, it is considered that the interaction between the great powers contructs the international system significantly, and the small and medium- sized countries can simply choose “balancing” or “bandwagaoning” as their security strategy. However, with the development of Europe after several wars and conflicts, there are five countries choosing to be a neutral country to maintain its national interest. Among these five, this article will focus on especially Switzerland, Austria and Finland.
The Ukrainian crisis in 2014 has put great influence on the relations between Europe and Russia, such as the energy supply crisis in Europe, and economic impact both in Europe and Russia. Most important of all, Russia's annexation of Crimea has intensified the reginal security again after the Cold War. As known as neutral countries, Switzerland, Austria and Finland have drawn greatest attention worldwide because of the close ties with EU and NATO. Therefore, in this article the foreign policy of Switzerland, Austria and Finland are viewed via diplomacy level, military level, snactions level and incnetives level to analyze how these three neutral countries face and respond to the Ukraine crisis, and to find how exogenous factors and endogenous factors have an impact on the neutral foreign policy.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 4
第三節 研究假設 16
第四節 研究方法與途徑 17
第五節 研究途徑 19
第六節 研究架構與章節安排 22
第七節 研究範圍與限制 24
第二章 中立國起源與歷史發展 26
第一節 中立概念與原則的起源與發展 26
第二節 史上最早的永久中立國—瑞士 34
第三節 強權協商下的中立國—奧地利 41
第四節 面臨威脅宣誓中立的中立國—芬蘭 49
第五節 小結 56
第三章 烏克蘭危機與歐洲安全 59
第一節 烏克蘭危機的歷史發展 59
第二節 缺乏實質功效的國際斡旋 68
第三節 烏克蘭危機：強權競爭下的歐洲安全 73
第四節 小結 84
第四章 烏克蘭危機與歐洲中立國 86
第一節 烏克蘭危機對歐洲中立國之影響 86
第二節 瑞士對烏克蘭危機的反應 99
第三節 奧地利對烏克蘭危機的反應 108
第四節 芬蘭對烏克蘭危機的反應 119
第五節 小結 127
第五章 結論 130
第一節 研究發現 130
第二節 未來研究建議 136
參考書目 139

一、中文部分
（一）書籍
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Diccon Bewes，《瑞士做到的事》，2015年，大家出版社。
Pasi Sahlberg，《芬蘭教育這樣改：全球第一個教改成功案例教我們的事= Finnish lessons: what can》，2013年，商周出版。
吳祥輝，《芬蘭驚艷：全球成長競爭力第一名的故事》，2006年，遠流。
亞力山大艾爾默、赫爾穆特沃諾特，《奧地利概況》，2005年，維也納 : 聯邦總理府。
林麗容，《瑞士文化史研究》，2008 年，台北：五南圖書。
金成進，林侑毅譯，〈建立歐洲強小國的人們〉，《天下雜誌》，2011 年。
俞寬賜，《新世紀國際法》，民國 83 年，台北：三民書局股份有限公司。
張亞中，《小國崛起─歷史轉捩點上的關鍵抉擇》，2008年，台北：聯經。
張維邦，《瑞士史：民主與族群政治的典範》，2006 年，台北：三民書局。
彭明敏，《國際法概要》，六版，台北，1995 年。
楊三億，「外交政策與決策分析概論」，載於明居正主編，國際關係綜論，2010年9月，台北：晶典文化事業出版社。
董小川，《現代歐美國家宗教多元化的歷史與現實》，2008年，上海：三聯書店。
鄒忠科，《中立國家之新角色：奧地利加入歐洲聯盟與歐洲統合》，1996年，五南。
瑰娜（陳雅惠），《瑞士不簡單：從社會、文化、教育面向，走進瑞士緩慢的生活哲學》，2016年，木馬文化。
端木美，《瑞士文化與現代化》，2000 年，瀋陽：遼海出版社，。
趙國材，〈論永久中立國與聯合國〉，宋燕輝、焦興鎧主編，《聯合國與歐美國家論文集》，台北，1997 年。
劉青雲，《中立國與不結盟運動》，1989年，台北，幼獅文化事業公司。
劉青雷，《現代國際關係中的中立與不結盟》，台北，民國73年。
蔡東杰，《西洋外交史》，2006 年，風雲論壇，。
謝曙光、何侃，《北歐五國──丹、瑞、挪、冰、芬福利社會的典範》，2004年，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
（二）期刊論文
王思為，〈瑞士之中立政策與實踐〉，發表於「認識中立國」學術研討會，台北，2015年3月。
王思為，〈瑞士成為永久中立國之國際背景〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，10卷1期，台北，2015年3月。
巨克毅、李玫憲，〈國際關係折衷主義研究途徑的新思維：中東歐區域安全個案分析〉，《全球政治評論》，39期，2012年7月。
何世煌，〈親歐或親俄，烏克蘭兩難〉，《全球中央》，2014年1月號。
吳玉山，〈抗衡或扈從：面對強鄰時的策略抉擇（上）〉，《問題與研究》，第36卷第2期，1997年。
吳玉山，〈抗衡或扈從：面對強鄰時的策略抉擇（下）〉，《問題與研究》，第36卷第3期，1997年。
呂坤煌，〈奧地利共和國永久中立之研究〉，淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文，1985年。
李俊毅，〈政治社群、認同與外交政策：「芬蘭化」〉概念的再思考〉，《問題與研究》，第 53卷1期，2014年。
杜子信，〈奧地利國家的建構及奧地利人認同的型塑〉，《臺灣國際研究季刊》，第 11卷第4期，2015年。
林泰和，〈烏克蘭危機的啟示〉，《全球政治評論》，中興大學，第46期，2014年。
林健次，〈芬蘭經濟的特質〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，2009年，第5卷第4期。
林雍昇，〈奧地利成為中立國的國際背景〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，第10卷第1期，2013年。
金成進，林侑毅譯，〈建立歐洲強小國的人們〉，《天下雜誌》，2011 年。
姜書益，〈談烏克蘭危機與克里米亞問題〉，台北論壇，民國103年。
施正鋒，〈中立國的概念、理論、以及實務〉，《臺灣國際研究季刊》，第11卷第3期，2015年。
范盛保，〈芬蘭適應政治的歷史分析─在「芬蘭化」以前〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，第5卷第4期，2009年。
張國城，〈以「權力平衡」分析美國對烏克蘭的外交〉，《臺灣國際研究季刊》，第11卷，第2期，2015年。
郭秋慶，〈芬蘭半總統制到議會民主的變遷〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，第5卷第4期，2009年。
陳海燕，〈冷戰後北約東擴及新動向：對俄、中地緣政治環境的影響〉，《咸寧政治學報》，第28卷，第2期，2008年。
湯紹成，〈奧地利的中立地位及其對外交政策的影響－一個小國外交的實例〉，《東吳政治學報》，第28卷第1期，2013年。
楊三億，〈降低介入、維持現狀與積極調適：烏克蘭危機與歐洲五國的中立政策發展〉，中國政治學會年會暨研討會，2016年11月25-26日。
楊三億，〈烏克蘭危機與美歐俄戰略格局〉，《全球政治評論》，第46期，2014年。
廖福特，〈國際法對於戰時中立及永久中立國之規範〉，《臺灣國際研究季刊》， 2015 年，第11卷第3期。
趙國材，〈論永久中立國與聯合國〉，宋燕輝、焦興鎧主編，《聯合國與歐美國家論文集》，台北，1997 年。
蔡明螢，〈瑞士中立政策轉變之研究－以瑞士加入聯合國為例〉，《國際論壇》，第3期，2004年。
蕭琇安，〈轉變國際秩序下「中立」概念之地位〉，《問題與研究》，第47卷第1期，2008年。
賴怡忠，〈戰略中立還是戰略孤立，以冷戰時代的芬蘭外交為例〉，《認識中立國》，2015年。
謝國斌，〈芬蘭的族群政治〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，第5卷第4期，2009年。
魏百谷，〈小國與強鄰相處之道─以芬蘭與俄羅斯關係為例〉，《臺灣國際法季刊》，第6卷第1期，2010年。
蘇武，〈談國際強權衝突下的烏克蘭危機〉，《台俄經貿》，第15期，2014年。
（三）政府文件
洪煥能，〈奧地利能源政策與核能之發展背景與歷程〉，行政院原子能委員會，1997年9月26日。（https://www.aec.gov.tw/webpage/info/files/index_04_3-19.pdf）
〈歐美擴大對俄羅斯實施經濟制裁之影響〉，中華民國經濟部國際貿易局，2014年。（https://goo.gl/YQj6hT）
（四）新聞資料
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〈早有協議，美英須保衞烏克蘭〉，蘋果日報， 2014年3月2日。（http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20140302/18642750）
〈波羅申科宣誓就任烏克蘭總統，稱克里米亞仍屬烏克蘭〉，中國新聞網，2014年6月7日。（http://news.ifeng.com/a/20140607/40635112_0.shtml）
〈芬蘭求自保考慮加入北約，俄揚言「第三次世界大戰」〉，關鍵評論網，2014年11月25日。（https://www.thenewslens.com/article/9631）
〈俄羅斯終止對烏克蘭供氣，或影響歐洲〉，端新聞，2015年11月27日。（https://theinitium.com/article/20151126-dailynews-russia-ukraine/）
〈俄羅斯農產品禁令嚴重打擊芬蘭、挪威及波羅的海三小國〉，經濟部/駐俄羅斯代表處經濟組報導，2016年9月9日。（http://info.taiwantrade.com/CH/bizsearchdetail/8332466/C?keyword0=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD）
〈烏克蘭示威衝突，總統矢言解危機〉，中央社，2014年1月20日。（http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201401200001-1.aspx）
〈烏克蘭危機：波羅申科宣佈單方停火一周〉，BBC中文網，2014年6月20日。（http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/06/140620_ukrain_ceasefire.shtml）
〈烏克蘭國會放棄「不結盟」，俄總理：加入北約就變軍事對手〉，關鍵評論網，2014年12月24日。（https://www.thenewslens.com/article/10692）
〈歐盟委員會主席榮克：烏克蘭20年內不能入歐盟、北約〉，東森新聞，2016年3月5日。（http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160305/657756.htm）
史霄萌、王建剛，〈烏克蘭東部今起停火，聯合國歡迎〉，2017年04月01日。（http://www.chinesetoday.com/big/article/1184219）
白樺，〈華沙北約峰會被認冷戰後最重要會議〉，美國之音，2016年7月7日。（http://www.voacantonese.com/a/russia-nato-confrontation-intensifies-as-china-closing-ties-to-russian-main-opponent-20160707/3407652.html）
何漢昇，〈就算公投通過，臺灣就能宣布中立成為「東方瑞士」？只怕成為另一個克里米亞〉，關鍵評論網，2015年3月25日。（https://www.thenewslens.com/article/14385）
余尹倫，〈【八月政變25周年】一場讓前蘇聯瓦解、冷戰結束的未遂政變〉，上報，2016年8月18日。（http://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=2499）
吳剛，〈俄、德、法、烏領導人通電話討論烏克蘭東部問題〉，國際日報，2017年4月18日 。（http://www.chinesetoday.com/big/article/1186215）
李傑，〈俄烏危機解決仍需時日〉，人民日報，2014年10月20日。（http://big5.taiwan.cn/plzhx/gjshd/201410/t20141020_7708998.htm）
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陳文和、王嘉源，〈烏克蘭政變，總統遭罷免〉，中時電子報，2014年2月23日。（http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20140223000246-260102）
二、西文部分
（一）書籍
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Gosztony, Peter. 1991. “Die Sowjetarmee in Ungarn 1956.” Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift.
Helmuth K.G., Rönnefauth und Heinrich Euler, Konferenzen und Vertäge Teil II. 1959. 4 Band: Neueste Zeit 1914-1959, Würzburg: Verlag A.G. Ploetz.
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Keohane, Robert. 1989. International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory.
Kobach, Kris W. 1993. The Referendum: Direct Democracy in Switzerland Aldershot, Brookfield USA, Dartmouth Publishing Company.
Kramer, Helmut. 1998. “Austrian foreign policy from the State Treaty to European Union membership (1955-1995).” in Kurt Richard Luther and Peter Pulzer. eds. Austria 1945-1995: Fifty Years of the Second Republic, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Kubicek, Paul J. 2003. “Finland,” in James R. Millar, ed. Encyclopedia of Russian History, Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference.
Larson, Deborah.1991. "Bandwagon Images in American Foreign Policy: Myth or Reality?" in Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder ed., Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Ouimet, Matthew J. 2003. The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Paul, Luif. 1988. Neutrale in die EG? Die Westeuropäische Integration und die neutralen Saaten. Wien, Wilhelm Braumüller.
Ridgway, Rozanne. 1989. “The United States and Europe’s Neutrals,” in Joseph Kruzel, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Between the Blocs: Problems and Prospects for Europe’s Neutral and Nonaligned States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Sakwa, Richard. 2015. Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands, London: I. B. Tauris.
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Steven, David. 1991. Choosing Sides: Alignment and Realignment in the Third World. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Vukadinović, Radovan. 1989. “The Various Conceptions of European Neutrality,” in Joseph Kruzel, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Between the Blocs: Problems and Prospects for Europe’s Neutral and Nonaligned States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Waldheim, Kurt. 1971. Der Österreichischer Weg- Aus der Isdation zur Neutralität, Wien: verlag Fritz Molden.
Walt, Stephen.1087. The Origins of Alliances, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth.1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Widmer, Sigmund. 1989. “Forms of Neutrality,” in Joseph Kruzel, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Between the Blocs: Problems and Prospects for Europe’s Neutral and Nonaligned States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
（二）期刊論文
Agius, Christine, and Devine, Karen. 2011. “‘Neutrality: A Really Dead Concept?’ A Reprise.” Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 46, No. 3.
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（三）官方文件
1. 瑞士
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（四）新聞資料
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“Envoy reports stability in Ukraine,” Swissinfo.ch, Apr. 10, 2014. (http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/osce-mission_envoy-reports-stability-in-ukraine/38353248); Stefan Lehne, “Reviving the OSCE: European Security and the Ukraine Crisis,” Carnegie Europe, Sep. 22, 2015.
“EU extends travel bans, asset freezes on Russia,” Rueters, Sep. 7, 2016. (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-russia-eu-sanctions-idUSKCN11D17H)
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Gallsept, Carlotta. “Despite Cease-Fire, Fighting Escalates in Eastern Ukraine City,” The New York Times, Sep. 14, 2014.
Geiser, Urs. “Foreign ministry wins praise for OSCE chair,” Swissinfo.ch, Dec. 2, 2014. (http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/peacekeeping_foreign-ministry-wins-praise-for-osce-chair/41126752)
Gorka, Alex. “Going against the Anti-Russian EU Sanctions Regime: Austria Wants Closer Relationship With Russia,” Global Research, Apr. 07, 2016. (http://www.globalresearch.ca/going-against-the-anti-russian-eu-sanctions-regime-austria-wants-closer-relationship-with-russia/5519148)
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Lehne, Stefan. “Reviving the OSCE: European Security and the Ukraine Crisis,” Carnegie Europe, Sep. 22, 2015.
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（五）網路資料
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