背景：憂鬱症是老年人常見的心理問題，老年憂鬱不僅造成日常生活功能受損也是自殺的危險因子。然而，過去文獻很少討論老年人社會參與的某一種類─也是歐盟活躍老化指標(Active Aging Index, AAI)社會參與面向其中之一的政治參與對老年憂鬱的影響，可能會錯失老年憂鬱預防時機。
目的：本研究目的為了解台灣55歲以上中老年人參與政治性團體以及一般性社團參與的狀況，以及政治性團體與一般性社團參與對其後續憂鬱狀態的影響，並進一步分層分析社團組織參與在不同特質族群(包含性別、基線年齡組、基線憂鬱程度)中的後續憂鬱影響。
方法：資料來源為「台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」，本研究使用1999年、2003年及2007年三波資料，進行1999年55歲以上族群固定樣本長期追蹤研究。依序排除未滿55歲、居住在機構、代答者、ADL分數大於1、2003年死亡以及1999年和2003年重要變項遺漏者，最終研究樣本為2922人。本研究結果變項是憂鬱分數，測量工具為CES-D10，總分0分至30分，分數越高越嚴重，為連續變項；自變項根據1999年和2003年樣本的社會組織參與類別進行分組，分成兩類進行後續分析：社團組織參與類別以及社團組織參與波數。社團組織參與類別為以下3組：曾政治參與、曾一般參與以及兩波皆無參與；社團組織參與波數分為以下5組：兩波政治參與、一波政治參與、兩波一般參與、一波一般參與、兩波皆無參與。控制變項包含人口學變項(包含性別、教育程度)、時間、健康狀態(自覺健康、慢性疾病數)、健康行為(抽菸、飲酒、運動)、基線憂鬱分數。統計分析使用描述性統計進行樣本基本特質描述，包含卡方檢定、ANOVA檢定等；推論性統計使用Mixed effect model進行分析，探討1999年與2003年的社團組織參與類別和社團組織參與波數對後續憂鬱的影響，並使用社團組織參與類別進行分組分析。此外，在整體樣本及分層樣本進行模型分析時，皆會進一步分層分析觀看各組的時間效應。
結果：在2922人中，男性比例為52.6%，基線平均年齡為67.98±7.89歲，23.61%教育程度為國中以上。樣本的社團組織參與類別的情形為：曾政治參與1023人(35.01%)、曾一般參與880人(30.12%)以及兩波皆無參與1019人；而社團組織參與波數的情形為：兩波政治參與283人(9.69%)、一波政治參與740人(25.33%)、兩波一般參與414人(14.17%)、一波一般參與466人(15.95%)、兩波皆無參與1019人(35.04%)。在社團組織參與類別放入所有控制變項的模型中，相較於兩波皆無參與者，曾政治參與(β=-0.540，p〈0.05)、曾一般參與(β=-0.962，p〈0.001)顯著較低的憂鬱分數；在時間效應的部份，相較於第二波，曾政治參與(β=0.732，p〈0.001)以及兩波皆無參與(β=0.537，p〈0.05)會在第三波顯著增加憂鬱平均分數。在分層分析的部份，不同的社團組織參與類別在不同性別、不同基線年齡層以及不同基線憂鬱有不一樣的效果，例如曾政治參與僅在男性有顯著效果(β=-0.752，p〈0.05)，但女性則無。在社團組織參與波數放入所有控制變項的模型，相較於兩波皆無參與者，兩波政治參與已無顯著較低的後續憂鬱狀態。
結論：台灣中老年人不同種類的社團組織參與對其後續憂鬱狀態有不同的影響。整體而言，社團組織參與者皆有較低的後續憂鬱狀態，但是政治參與者似乎有隨著時間增加憂鬱的情形。另外，社會組織參與在不同特質的族群身上有不同的影響。本研究發現政治參與似乎對心理健康有其獨特的效果。

The purpose of this longitudinal study is to examine the effect of social organization participation on depressive symptoms in Taiwanese older adults, including political groups and general groups. A nationally representative dataset “Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA)” collected in 1999, 2003 and 2007 was used. Data from the fixed cohort of 2922 participants aged 55 years and over in 1999 was recruited. Depressive symptoms were measured by ten-item Chinese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D10). Social organization participation in 1999 and 2003 was categorized into two types: participation category and participation wave. The former was divided into three groups: (1) ever political participation, (2) ever general participation, and (3) no participation. Mixed effect model was used to examine the effect of social organization participation on subsequent depressive symptoms.
After controlling confounders, compared with no participation group, those with ever political participation(β=-0.540，p〈0.05) and ever general participation(β=-0.962，p〈0.001) predicted significantly lower CES-D10 mean score. However, participants in the groups of ever political participation seemed to increase the score of CES-D10 over time, whereas the group of ever general participation didn't do so. This result may indicate different tendency to the average depression scores between the groups of ever political participation and ever general participation, and future research is needed.

第壹章 前言 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究假說 4
第四節 名詞定義 4
第貳章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 老年憂鬱的影響 6
第二節 老年人社會參與的重要性 15
第三節 社會參與和老年憂鬱 25
第四節 現有社會參與文獻不足之處 31
第參章 研究設計與方法 34
第一節 資料來源與研究對象 34
第二節 研究架構與研究設計 37
第三節 變項測量 39
第四節 統計分析 46
第肆章 研究結果 50
第一節 研究樣本描述及社團組織參與分組情形 51
第二節 社團組織參與類別之雙變項分析 57
第三節 社團組織參與類別之多變項模型分析結果 63
第四節 社團組織參與類別之模型分層分析結果 68
第五節 社團組織參與波數之雙變項分析 82
第六節 社團組織參與波數之多變項模型分析 87
第伍章 討論 92
第一節 主要研究發現 92
第二節 與過去研究結果之討論 94
第三節 本研究優勢與限制 97
第四節 結論與建議 98
第陸章 參考文獻 101

Ahern, M. M., ＆ Hendryx, M. (2008). Community participation and the emergence of late-life depressive symptoms: differences between women and men. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 17(9), 1463-1470. doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0752
Anderson, N. D., Damianakis, T., Kröger, E., Wagner, L. M., Dawson, D. R., Binns, M. A., . . . Cook, S. L. (2014). The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: A critical review and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1505.
Antonucci, T. C. (1994). A life-span view of women's social relations. In B. F. Turner ＆ L. E. Troll (Eds.), Woman growing older (pp. 239–269). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Boey, K. W. (1999). Cross‐validation of a short form of the CES‐D in Chinese elderly. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 14(8), 608-617.
Bukov, A., Maas, I., ＆ Lampert, T. (2002). Social Participation in Very Old Age Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Findings From BASE. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(6), P510-P517.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., ＆ Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140-151. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
Carrière, I., Gutierrez, L. A., Pérès, K., Berr, C., Barberger-Gateau, P., Ritchie, K., ＆ Ancelin, M. L. (2011). Late life depression and incident activity limitations: Influence of gender and symptom severity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(1-2), 42-50. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.020
Chao, S. F. (2011). Assessing social support and depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults: a longitudinal perspective. Aging Ment Health, 15(6), 765-774. doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.562182
Chiao, C., Weng, L.-J., ＆ Botticello, A. L. (2011). Social participation reduces depressive symptoms among older adults: an 18-year longitudinal analysis in Taiwan. BMC public health, 11(1), 292.
Choi, Y., Park, E. C., Kim, J. H., Yoo, K. B., Choi, J. W., ＆ Lee, K. S. (2015). A change in social activity and depression among Koreans aged 45 years and more: analysis of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2010). Int Psychogeriatr, 27(4), 629-637. doi:10.1017/S1041610214002439
Chong, M.-Y., TSANG, H.-Y., CHEN, C.-S., TANG, T.-C., CHEN, C.-C., YEH, T.-L., . . . Lo, H.-Y. (2001). Community study of depression in old age in Taiwan. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(1), 29-35.
Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P. R., ＆ Caine, E. D. (2002). Risk Factors for Suicide in Later Life. Biological psychiatry, 52, 193-204. doi:0006-3223/02/$22.00
Croezen, S., Avendano, M., Burdorf, A., ＆ van Lenthe, F. J. (2015). Social participation and depression in old age: a fixed-effects analysis in 10 European countries. Am J Epidemiol, 182(2), 168-176. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv015
Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., ＆ Morton, T. A. (2013). Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse. Soc Sci Med, 98, 179-186. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013
Cumming, E., ＆ Henry, W. E. (1961). Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. New York: Basic Books.
Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., ＆ Gatz, M. (2009). Depression in older adults. Annual review of clinical psychology, 5, 363-389. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621
Forlani, C., Morri, M., Ferrari, B., Dalmonte, E., Menchetti, M., De Ronchi, D., ＆ Atti, A. R. (2014). Prevalence and gender differences in late-life depression: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 22(4), 370-380. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.08.015
Forsman, A. K., Nyqvist, F., Schierenbeck, I., Gustafson, Y., ＆ Wahlbeck, K. (2012). Structural and cognitive social capital and depression among older adults in two Nordic regions. Aging Ment Health, 16(6), 771-779. doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.667784
Gilmour, H. (2012). Social participation and the health and well-being of Canadian seniors. Health reports, 23(4).
Glass, T. A., Leon, C. M. d., Marottoli, R. A., ＆ Berkman, L. F. (1999). Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans. British medical journal, 319, 478-483.
Havighurst, R. J. (1963). Successful aging. In R. H. Williams, C. Tibbitts, ＆ W. Donohue (Eds.), Process of Aging: Social and Psychological Perspectives (Vol. 1, pp. 299-320). New York: Atherton Press.
Hawkley, L. C., ＆ Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of behavioral medicine, 40(2), 218-227. doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Ho, C. S. H., Feng, L., Fam, J., Mahendran, R., Kua, E. H., ＆ Ng, T. P. (2014). Coexisting medical comorbidity and depression: Multiplicative effects on health outcomes in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(07), 1221-1229. doi:10.1017/s1041610214000611
Hsu, H. C. (2007). Does social participation by the elderly reduce mortality and cognitive impairment? Aging Ment Health, 11(6), 699-707. doi:10.1080/13607860701366335
Hyyppä, M. T., Mäki, J., Alanen, E., Impivaara, O., ＆ Aromaa, A. (2007). Long-term Stability of Social Participation. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 389-396. doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9199-y
Isaac, V., Stewart, R., Artero, S., Ancelin, M.-L., ＆ Ritchie, K. (2009). Social Activity and Improvement in Depressive Symptoms in Older People_ A Prospective Community Cohort Study. American journal of geriatric psychiatry, 17(8), 688-696.
James, B. D., Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., ＆ Bennett, D. A. (2011). Relation of late-life social activity with incident disability among community-dwelling older adults. Journals of gerontology series A biological sciences and medical sciences, 66(4), 467-473. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq231
James, B. D., Wilson, R. S., Barnes, L. L., ＆ Bennett, D. A. (2011). Late-life social activity and cognitive decline in old age. Journal of the international neuropsychological society, 17(6), 998-1005. doi:10.1017/S1355617711000531
Jang, Y., ＆ Chiriboga, D. A. (2011). Social activity and depressive symptoms in Korean American older adults: the conditioning role of acculturation. J Aging Health, 23(5), 767-781. doi:10.1177/0898264310396214
Kavanagh, A. M., Bentley, R., Turrell, G., Broom, D. H., ＆ Subramanian, S. V. (2006). Does gender modify associations between self rated health and the social and economic characteristics of local environments? J Epidemiol Community Health, 60(6), 490-495. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043562
Kim, J.-h., Kim, M., ＆ Kim, J. (2013). Social Activities and Health of Korean Elderly Women by Age Groups. Educational Gerontology, 39(9), 640-654. doi:10.1080/03601277.2012.730454
Ku, P. W., Fox, K. R., Chen, L. J., ＆ Chou, P. (2012). Physical activity and depressive symptoms in older adults: 11-year follow-up. Am J Prev Med, 42(4), 355-362. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.010
Lee, K.-L., Wu, C.-H., Chang, C.-I., Weng, L.-J., Wu, Y.-C., ＆ Chen, C.-Y. (2015). Active Engagement in Social Groups as a Predictor for Mental and Physical Health Among Taiwanese Older Adults: A 4-year Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Gerontology, 9(1), 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2014.01.005
Lee, S. H., ＆ Kim, Y. B. (2014). Which type of social activities decrease depression in the elderly? an analysis of a population-based study in south korea. Iranian journal of public health, 43(7), 903-912.
Levasseur, M., Richard, L., Gauvin, L., ＆ Raymond, E. (2010). Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: proposed taxonomy of social activities. Social Science ＆ Medicine, 71(12), 2141-2149. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041
Li, Y., Xu, L., Chi, I., ＆ Guo, P. (2014). Participation in productive activities and health outcomes among older adults in urban China. Gerontologist, 54(5), 784-796. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt106
Lopez, A. D., ＆ Murray, C. C. J. L. (1998). The global burden of disease, 1990–2020. Nature medicine, 4(11), 1241-1243. doi:10.1038/3218
Lou, V. W., Chi, I., Kwan, C. W., ＆ Leung, A. Y. (2013). Trajectories of social engagement and depressive symptoms among long-term care facility residents in Hong Kong. Age Ageing, 42(2), 215-222. doi:10.1093/ageing/afs159
Lue, B.-H., Chen, L.-J., ＆ Wu, S.-C. (2010). Health, financial stresses, and life satisfaction affecting late-life depression among older adults: a nationwide, longitudinal survey in Taiwan. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 50, S34-S38.
McMunn, A., Nazroo, J., Wahrendorf, M., Breeze, E., ＆ Zaninotto, P. (2009). Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and wellbeing in later life: baseline results in England. Ageing and Society, 29(05), 765-782. doi:10.1017/s0144686x08008350
Min, J., Ailshire, J., ＆ Crimmins, E. M. (2016). Social engagement and depressive symptoms: do baseline depression status and type of social activities make a difference? Age Ageing, 45(6), 838-843. doi:10.1093/ageing/afw125
Murayama, H., Nishi, M., Matsuo, E., Nofuji, Y., Shimizu, Y., Taniguchi, Y., . . . Shinkai, S. (2013). Do bonding and bridging social capital affect self-rated health, depressive mood and cognitive decline in older Japanese? A prospective cohort study. Soc Sci Med, 98, 247-252. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.026
Murphy, R. A., Hagaman, A. K., Reinders, I., Steeves, J. A., Newman, A. B., Rubin, S. M., . . . Health, A. B. C. S. (2016). Depressive Trajectories and Risk of Disability and Mortality in Older Adults: Longitudinal Findings From the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 71(2), 228-235. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv139
Musicka, M. A., ＆ Wilson, J. (2003). Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Social Science ＆ Medicine, 56, 259-269. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00025-4
Norton, M. C., Skoog, I., Franklin, L. M., Corcoran, C., Tschanz, J. T., Zandi, P. P., . . . Steffens, D. C. (2006). Gender differences in the association between religious involvement and depression: The Cache County (Utah) study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61(3), P129-P136.
World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing: a Policy Framework. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/
Park, H. K., Chun, S. Y., Choi, Y., Lee, S. Y., Kim, S. J., ＆ Park, E. C. (2015). Effects of social activity on health-related quality of life according to age and gender: An observational study. Health and quality of life outcomes, 13, 140. doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0331-4
Phillips, B. S. (1957). A role theory approach to adjustment in old age. American Sociological Review, 22(2), 212-217.
Pratt, L. A., ＆ Brody, D. J. (2014). Depression in the U.S. Household Population, 2009–2012. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db172.htm
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2017). Depression is not a normal part of growing older. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/aging/mentalhealth/depression.htm
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied psychological measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Roh, H. W., Hong, C. H., Lee, Y., Oh, B. H., Lee, K. S., Chang, K. J., . . . Son, S. J. (2015). Participation in Physical, Social, and Religious Activity and Risk of Depression in the Elderly: A Community-Based Three-Year Longitudinal Study in Korea. PLoS One, 10(7), e0132838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132838
Rowe, J. W., ＆ Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. Gerontologist, 37(4), 433-440. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
Sarris, J., O’Neil, A., Coulson, C. E., Schweitzer, I., ＆ Berk, M. (2014). Lifestyle medicine for depression. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 107.
Schwarzbach, M., Luppa, M., Forstmeier, S., Konig, H. H., ＆ Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014). Social relations and depression in late life-a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 29(1), 1-21. doi:10.1002/gps.3971
Shin, K. R., Jung, D., Jo, I., ＆ Kang, Y. (2009). Depression among community-dwelling older adults in Korea: a prediction model of depression. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 23(1), 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2008.03.001
Shrout, P. E., ＆ Yager, T. J. (1989). Reliability and validity of screening scales: Effect of reducing scale length. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 42(1), 69-78.
Sivertsen, H., Bjorklof, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbaek, G., ＆ Helvik, A. S. (2015). Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 40(5-6), 311-339. doi:10.1159/000437299
Sun, W. J., Xu, L., Chan, W. M., Lam, T. H., ＆ Schooling, C. M. (2012). Depressive symptoms and suicide in 56,000 older Chinese: a Hong Kong cohort study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(4), 505-514. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0362-z
Takagi, D., Kondo, K., ＆ Kawachi, I. (2013). Social participation and mental health: moderating effects of gender, social role and rurality. BMC public health, 13(1), 701.
Teo, A. R., Choi, H., ＆ Valenstein, M. (2013). Social relationships and depression: ten-year follow-up from a nationally representative study. PLoS One, 8(4), e62396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062396
Utz, R. L., Carr, D., Nesse, R., ＆ Wortman, C. B. (2002). The Effect of Widowhood on Older Adults’ Social Participation: An Evaluation of Activity, Disengagement, and Continuity Theories. Gerontologist, 42(4), 522-533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.4.522
Vink, D., Aartsen, M. J., ＆ Schoevers, R. A. (2008). Risk factors for anxiety and depression in the elderly: a review. J Affect Disord, 106(1-2), 29-44. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.005
Vozikaki, M., Linardakis, M., Micheli, K., ＆ Philalithis, A. (2016). Activity Participation and Well-Being Among European Adults Aged 65 years and Older. Social Indicators Research, 131(2), 769-795. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1256-y
Wahrendorf, M., ＆ Siegrist, J. (2010). Are changes in productive activities of older people associated with changes in their well-being? Results of a longitudinal European study. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 59-68. doi:10.1007/s10433-010-0154-4
Wild, B., Herzog, W., Schellberg, D., Lechner, S., Niehoff, D., Brenner, H., . . . Raum, E. (2012). Association between the prevalence of depression and age in a large representative German sample of people aged 53 to 80 years. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 27(4), 375-381. doi:10.1002/gps.2728
Yaka, E., Keskinoglu, P., Ucku, R., Yener, G. G., ＆ Tunca, Z. (2014). Prevalence and risk factors of depression among community dwelling elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 59(1), 150-154. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.03.014
Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., Hofmarcher, M. M., Lelkes, O., Marin, B., Rodrigues, R., . . . Zolyomi, E. (2013). Active ageing index 2012 concept, methodology and final results. European Centre Viennana.
Zimmer, Z., ＆ Chen, F.-F. (2012). Social Support and Change in Depression Among Older Adults in Taiwan. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31(6), 764-782. doi:10.1177/0733464811401353
Zivin, K., Llewellyn, D. J., Lang, I. A., Vijan, S., Kabeto, M. U., Miller, E. M., ＆ Langa, K. M. (2010). Depression among older adults in the United States and England. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 18(11), 1036-1044. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181dba6d2
中華民國國家發展委員會（2016）。中華民國人口推估（105至150年）。取自：http://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=84223C65B6F94D72
內政部統計處（2017）。106年第10週內政統計通報。取自：http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/news_content.aspx?sn=11735
江弘基、戴傳文、李明濱、王銘光、張文穎、蔡佩樺（2006）。老人自殺問題。台灣醫學，10，353-361。
李宗派（2011）。老人的情緒與心理保健。臺灣老人保健學刊，7（1），1-32。
李庚霖、區雅倫、陳淑惠、翁儷禎（2009）。“臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查 短版 CES-D 量表之心理計量特性。中華心理衛生學刊，22（4），383-410。
林怡君、余豎文、張宏哲（2004）。新店地區機構和非機構老人憂鬱情形及相關因素之調查。台灣家庭醫學雜誌，14（2），81-93。
洪志彥（2009）。地方派系政治與社團網絡關係之研究—以苗栗縣頭份鎮長選舉為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中央大學，桃園縣。
高永光（2000）。城鄉差距與地方派系影響之實證研究─民國八十六年台北縣縣議員、鄉鎮市長選舉的個案分析。選舉研究，7（1），53-85。
陳佑淵（2007）。國小退休教師社會參與及生活品質之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
經建會人力規劃處（2013）。歐盟活躍老化指數。取自：http://www.ndc.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=C90548F2DB23E8B9＆sms=AB593F5AE64A02BE＆s=13BA9546B8EF89C1
衛生福利部國民健康署（2017）。調查簡介—TLSA各樣本世代組成與樣本數變化。取自：http://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=240＆pid=1281