臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

場址效應為地振動預估中重要的參數之一。現今地震工程界普遍使用淺層構造的剪力波波速（Vs30及Z1.0等係數）用以估計場址效應，然而淺層剪力波波速未能完全地反應實際場址之地盤特性，土壤複雜的非線性放大反應，影響地振動預估及模擬的準確性甚鉅。本研究利用氣象局新一代的井下地震監測網的資料，選用2013年三個中大尺度規模(ML6.2-6.5)的地震，計算地表及井下測站的最大加速度(PGA)、最大速度(PGV)之放大倍率，並利用傅式頻譜比得到不同頻率下之放大倍率，分析井下至地表淺層的放大特性，更進一步比較放大倍率和測站Vs30值之間的關係，並使用兩種解迴旋方法進行地層轉換函數地計算。結果顯示PGA、PGV放大倍率與Vs30值的相關性並不高，然而頻譜比的變化情形和測站Vs30值的相關性較高。依頻譜比隨著頻率的變化趨勢可以將測站區分為兩類，(I)類測站之放大倍率隨著頻率的增加而遞增，而(II)類測站在1-3 Hz有較大的放大倍率，推測與鬆軟的沉積層造成特定主頻放大有關。而地層轉換函數已經由兩種不同解迴旋方法計算完成，兩方法皆可很好的重建地表站訊號，未來可望將此轉換函數應用於強地動模擬，作為從井下至地表的淺層場址效應估算模型。

Site effect is one of the most important factors in evaluating earthquake ground motion. For engineering usage, the ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) usually includes the site-effect factor (e.g. Vs30, Z1.0). The site effect, however, is considered as a non-linear response and could be critical for the aspect in broadband waveform modeling or simulation for ground motion prediction. In this study, I utilize three large earthquakes (ML6.2-6.5) data of both surface and borehole seismometers from Central Weather Bureau (CWB) next generation seismic network to analyze the site amplification factors and the transfer functions of sediments over the basement. A spectral ratio method is used to acquire empirical amplification factors (EAF) for PGA, PGV, and frequency spectra from 0.1 to 10 Hz. The relationship between the EAF and Vs30 value is analyed as well. The results show that the corrections between PGA (or PGV) amplification factors and Vs30 are not significant, suggesting that the amplification of PGA or PGV from borehole to surface was not dominated by shallow structures (i.e., top 30 m of strata). On the contrary, the relationships between EAF for frequency range of 0.1 to 10 Hz and Vs30 are strongly correlated and can be classified into two types. For Type I sites, the EAF increased with increasing frequency, and the Vs30 of these sites are generally over 760 (m/s). Type II sites, with Vs30 generally lower than 760 (m/s), show the peak value of EAF around a frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz that may attribute to the soft-soil conditions. The transfer functions obtained by two deconvolution methods well reconstruct the seismograms of surface stations, which could be used to simulate waveform as site-effect models. The empirical amplification and transfer function analysis could be applied to obtain the GMPE for basement rock and also be adopted in ground motion simulation.

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機與目的 1
1-2 文獻回顧 2
1-2-1 井下地震相關研究 2
1-2-2 場址效應研究方法 3
1-2-3 地動預估式中的場址效應參數 3
1-3 研究架構 4
第二章 資料蒐集與處理 6
2-1 氣象局新一代井下地震監測網 6
2-2 資料篩選及資料處理 6
2-2-1 資料篩選 6
2-2-2資料處理 7
2-3 測站場址參數Vs30 7
第三章 研究方法 16
3-1 最大加速度（PGA）、最大速度（PGV）經驗放大倍率 16
3-2經驗頻譜分析 17
3-2-1地表－井下雙站頻譜比法 17
3-2-2 非線性逆推頻譜擬合(Spectral fitting of LSQENP) 18
3-3 地層轉換函數 （Transfer function） 19
3-3-1線性水平法 19
3-3-2 PLD方法 19
第四章 場址放大效應分析結果 24
4-1 PGA、PGV經驗放大倍率結果 24
4-1-1 各測站經驗放大倍率 24
4-1-2 經驗放大倍率與測站Vs30值關係式 26
4-2 經驗頻譜分析結果 26
4-3 地層轉換函數結果 28
第五章 與其他相關研究結果比較 38
5-1 PGA、PGV經驗放大倍率 38
5-2 PGA、PGV經驗放大倍率與場址參數Vs30的關係 38
5-3 經驗頻譜比 39
第六章 討論與結論 46
6-1 經驗放大倍率和淺層速度構造相關性探討 46
6-2 三個地震事件中共同測站之經驗頻譜比變化探討 48
6-3 井下測站震幅修正探討 48
6-4 結論 49
參考文獻 61
附錄 68

參考文獻
Assimaki, D., Li, W., Steidl, J. H., & Tsuda, K. (2008). Site amplification and attenuation via downhole array seismogram inversion: A comparative study of the 2003 Miyagi-Oki aftershock sequence. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(1), 301-330.
Atkinson, G. M., & Cassidy, J. F. (2000). Integrated use of seismograph and strong-motion data to determine soil amplification: response of the Fraser River Delta to the Duvall and Georgia Strait earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(4), 1028-1040.
Beresnev, I. A., & Wen, K. L. (1996). The accuracy of soil response estimates using soil-to-rock spectral ratios. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86(2), 519-523.
Bertero, M., Bindi, D., Boccacci, P., Cattaneo, M., Eva, C., & Lanza, V. (1997). Application of the projected Landweber method to the estimation of the source time function in seismology. Inverse Problems, 13(2), 465.
Bonilla, L. F., Steidl, J. H., Lindley, G. T., Tumarkin, A. G., & Archuleta, R. J. (1997). Site amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California: Variability of site-effect estimation using the S-wave, coda, and H/V methods. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87(3), 710-730.
Boore, D. M., & Joyner, W. B. (1997). Site amplifications for generic rock sites. Bulletin of the seismological society of America, 87(2), 327-341.
Boore, D. M., Thompson, E. M., & Cadet, H. (2011). Regional correlations of VS30 and velocities averaged over depths less than and greater than 30 meters. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101(6), 3046-3059.
Borcherdt, R. D. (1970). Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 60(1), 29-61.
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC). (2001). NEHRP recommended provision for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structure, 2000 edition, part 1 provision, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Report FEMA 368, Washington, DC.
Chiou, B. J., & Youngs, R. R. (2008). An NGA model for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 173-215.
Clayton, R. W., & Wiggins, R. A. (1976). Source shape estimation and deconvolution of teleseismic bodywaves. Geophysical Journal International, 47(1), 151-177.
Field, E. H., & SCEC Phase III Working Group. (2000). Accounting for site effects in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses of southern California: overview of the SCEC Phase III Report. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(6B), S1-S31.
Fujimoto, K., & Midorikawa, S. (2006). Relationship between average shear-wave velocity and site amplification inferred from strong motion records at nearby station pairs. Journal of Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, 6(1), 11-22.
Héloïse, C., Bard, P. Y., & Rodriguez-Marek, A. (2012). Site effect assessment using KiK-net data: Part 1. A simple correction procedure for surface/downhole spectral ratios. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 10(2), 421-448.
Huang, M. W., Wang, J. H., Hsieh, H. H., Wen, K. L., & Ma, K. F. (2005). Frequency‐dependent sites amplifications evaluated from well‐logging data in central Taiwan. Geophysical research letters, 32(21).
Huang, M. W., Wang, J. H., Ma, K. F., Wang, C. Y., Hung, J. H., & Wen, K. L. (2007). Frequency-dependent site amplifications with f≥ 0.01 Hz evaluated from velocity and density models in central Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97(2), 624-637.
Joyner, W. B., Warrick, R. E., & Fumal, T. E. (1981). The effect of Quaternary alluvium on strong ground motion in the Coyote Lake, California, earthquake of 1979. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 71(4), 1333-1349.
Kuo, C. H., Wen, K. L., Hsieh, H. H., Chang, T. M., Lin, C. M., & Chen, C. T. (2011). Evaluating empirical regression equations for Vs and estimating Vs30 in northeastern Taiwan. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31(3), 431-439.
Kuo, C. H., Wen, K. L., Hsieh, H. H., Lin, C. M., Chang, T. M., & Kuo, K. W. (2012). Site classification and Vs30 estimation of free-field TSMIP stations using the logging data of EGDT. Engineering Geology, 129, 68-75.
Lanza, V., Spallarossa, D., Cattaneo, M., Bindi, D., & Augliera, P. (1999). Source parameters of small events using constrained deconvolution with empirical Green's functions. Geophysical journal international, 137(3), 651-662.
Lee, C. T., & Tsai, B. R. (2008). Mapping Vs30 in Taiwan. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19.
Lin, Y. Y., Ma, K. F., & Oye, V. (2012). Observation and scaling of microearthquakes from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault borehole seismometers. Geophysical Journal International, 190(1), 665-676.
Lin, Y. Y., Ma, K. F., Kanamori, H., Song, T. R. A., Lapusta, N., & Tsai, V. C. (2016). Evidence for non-self-similarity of microearthquakes recorded at a Taiwan borehole seismometer array. Geophysical Journal International, 206(2), 757-773.
Ma, K. F., Lin, Y. Y., Lee, S. J., Mori, J., & Brodsky, E. E. (2012). Isotropic events observed with a borehole array in the Chelungpu fault zone, Taiwan. Science, 337(6093), 459-463.
Ma, K. F., Tanaka, H., Song, S. R., Wang, C. Y., Hung, J. H., Tsai, Y. B., Mori, J., Song, Y.F., Yeh, E.C., Soh, W., Sone, H., Kuo, L.W. & Wu, H.Y. (2006). Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project. Nature, 444(7118), 473-476.
Malagnini, L., Mayeda, K., Akinci, A., & Bragato, P. L. (2004). Estimating absolute site effects. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94(4), 1343-1352.
Nakamura, Y. (1989). A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Railway Technical Research Institute, Quarterly Reports, 30(1).
Si, H., & Midorikawa, S. (2000). New attenuation relations for peak ground acceleration and velocity considering effects of fault type and site condition. In Proceedings of twelfth world conference on earthquake engineering.
Si, H., Midorikawa, S., Tsutsumi, H., Noda A., & Masatsuki, T. (2011). Preliminary Study of new attenuation relationship for response spectra on seismic bedrock including near source data. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Urban Earthq. ,75–78.
Si, H., Tsutsumi, H., Saijo, Y., Tajima, R., & Murata, R. (2013) A study on the evaluation of amplification factor for response spectra. Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, B-2, Architectural Institute of Japan, 2013, 183-184.
Sokolov, V., Bonjer, K. P., & Wenzel, F. (2004). Accounting for site effect in probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard for Romania and Bucharest: a case of deep seismicity in Vrancea zone. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(12), 929-947.
Theodulidis, N. P., & Bard, P. Y. (1995). Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio and geological conditions: an analysis of strong motion data from Greece and Taiwan (SMART-1). Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, 14(3), 177-197.
Theodulidis, N., Bard, P. Y., Archuleta, R., & Bouchon, M. (1996). Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and geological conditions: The case of Garner Valley Downhole Array in southern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 86(2), 306-319.
Wang, Y. J., Lin, Y. Y., Lee, M. C., & Ma, K. F. (2012). Fault zone Q values derived from Taiwan Chelungpu Fault borehole seismometers (TCDPBHS). Tectonophysics, 578, 76-86.
Wang, Y. J., Ma, K. F., Mouthereau, F., & Eberhart-Phillips, D. (2010). Three-dimensional Qp-and Qs-tomography beneath Taiwan orogenic belt: implications for tectonic and thermal structure. Geophysical Journal International, 180(2), 891-910.
Yu, J., & Haines, J. (2003). The choice of reference sites for seismic ground amplification analyses: Case study at Parkway, New Zealand. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(2), 713-723.
王郁如 (2010)。台灣地殼及頂部地函三維 P 波, S 波衰減模型對於造山帶構造特性與機制之探討。國立中央大學地球物理研究所，博士論文。
林彥宇 (2009)。TCDP井下地震儀之觀測與微地震尺度分析。國立中央大學地球物理研究所，碩士論文。
林彥宇 (2014)。TCDP井下地震儀—微地震之觀測與震源特性分析。國立中央大學地球物理研究所，博士論文。
林柏伸 (2009)。台灣地區強地動衰減式研究與路徑效應分析。國立中央大學應用地質研究所，博士論文。
高嘉謙 (2014)。單站地動預估式建立及場址特定地震危害度分析。國立中央大學應用地質研究所，碩士論文。
謝寶珊 (2008)。台灣地區愛氏震度地動預估式之研究。國立中央大學應用地質研究所，碩士論文。
馬國鳳、林彥宇、郭鎧紋、林孝維 (2010)。井下地震儀微震觀測 (I)，中央氣象局研究報告，報告編號 MOTC-CWB-99-E-10 號。
馬國鳳、林彥宇、王郁如、鄭惠文、許麗文、林孝維 (2011)。井下地震儀微震觀測 (II)，中央氣象局研究報告第 MOTC-CWB-100-E-04 號。
馬國鳳、王郁如、許軒瑞、陳燕玲、陳達毅 (2013)。氣象局井下地震監測站資料分析與應用，中央氣象局研究報告第 MOTC-CWB-102-E-04 號。
馬國鳳、溫國樑、陳伯飛、鍾仁光 (2016)。105年度井下地震儀資料測報應用研究，中央氣象局研究報告第 MOTC-CWB-105-E-07 號。
溫國樑、張毓文、林哲民、黃有志、江賢仁、郭俊翔、張建興、計麗文 (2008) 。台灣地區場址效應微分區之研究與應用，中央氣象局研究報告第 MOTC-CWB-96-E-08 號。
溫國樑、郭俊翔、章順強、呂佩玲、江嘉豪、林柏佑 (2013)。氣象局地表與井下測站場址效應之研究，中央氣象局研究報告第 MOTC-CWB-102-E-02 號。