臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文之主要貢獻於利用結合高非線性轉換效率之週期性或非週期性極化反轉鈮酸鋰材料、低損耗光學波導、積體化高速調制電極設計之元件，延承傳統非線性光參量轉換系統，拓展至量子光源系統的開發與研究，本論文收錄之各項研究主題條列如下：。
主題一、非週期極化反轉鈮酸鋰電光可調多波長光參量產生器。
主題二、電光波譜可剪裁之內腔式光參量共振器。
主題三、高速鈮酸鋰電光調制器陣列。
主題四之一、超寬頻絕熱光傳輸之鈦擴散式鈮酸鋰波導元件。
主題四之二、超寬頻非對稱絕熱耦合器之雙光子量子偏振態製備元件。
主題五、量子積體光源元件實驗。
論文中分別於第一章至第二章介紹了鈮酸鋰特性與此元件應用範疇、設計與製作原理。第三章節分別介紹了非週期性鈮酸鋰之訊號頻譜電光可調之光參量產生器與共振器之實驗。此外，於第四章節，展示了高頻陣列式電光鈮酸鋰光學強度調制器設計、製作與量化結果。另一方面，本論文第五章節分別收錄了基於絕熱耦合光學傳輸過程所設計製作之高寬頻光學絕熱定向耦合器、可應用於配置量子偏振態之偏振與波長相依之寬頻非對稱性絕熱耦合器，以及基於鈦擴散週期性極化反轉鈮酸鋰光學波導元件之量子光源之量子態定量研究，其中包含：傳統非線性和頻產生過程與同步光參量下轉換之對應實驗、量子光源特性檢驗實驗與配合二維超表面材料之量子偏振態之量子斷層掃描實驗。另一方面，趨向完全積體化電光可調之量子偏振糾纏光源之草擬設計已初步完成，此部分收錄於第六章第二小節之未來工作中。
結語：量子糾纏之背後明確物理機制目前尚未明朗，宇宙萬物於時代更迭中，過去、現在與未來的時間之矢，是否需要重新定義，而四維時空之概念是否為具體之完整解釋，此須待後繼者持續的鑽研與付出，解答或許將會被趨近，但也或許，宇宙從未輕易使人們能得到所謂的解答。由個人趨向群體的集體智慧，使我們持續成長、了解並且領悟。

The major contribution of my thesis is proposed a concept of demonstrating the fully integrated quantum optical circuits from the classical optical parametric down conversion process to the novel quantum approach of adiabatic coupling and entangled photon-pairs generation systems based on a domain-engineered lithium niobate crystals with high electro-optically tunable and modulation ability and corresponded diffused-type waveguide devices. With close teamwork of the R&D and fabrication groups of Professor Chen, Yen-Hung laboratory in National Central University, the member of Polaris photonic Co. Ltd. and the resource of Professor Dragomir Neshev laboratory in Nonlinear Physics Centre, Australian National University for quantum light source qualifications. We demonstrated several systems or devices in 2012-2017, which all have the potential market value. The topics of this thesis are divided to topic I to V as the following:

Topic Research
I Electro-optical tunable, multi-wavelength optical parametric generators in aperiodically poled Lithium Niobate.
II Electro-optically spectrum tailorable intracavity optical parametric oscillator.
III High-speed Lithium Niobate Electro-optical modulators array.
IV-1 Ultra-broadband adiabatic light transfer in titanium diffused Lithium
Niobate waveguides.
IV-2 Ultra-broadband asymmetric adiabatic coupler for two-photon quantum-polarization state preparation.
V Experiments of quantum integrated optical circuits.

In final, we proposed a concept of the fully integrated quantum optical polarization state preparation based on titanium-diffused, domain-engineered lithium niobate waveguide device on the second section of the chapter 6.

Epilogue:
The clear physical mechanism of quantum entanglement is still not yet clear, this universe is in the era of change, for the past, present or future, is the definition of time arrow needed to be redefine? Is the four-dimensional space-time enough to describe the universes? It needs more sustained research and contribution of all successors, the answer may be approached, but maybe, the universe never made it easy for people to get the so-called answers. What we can do is, from personal research to the collective intelligence, so that, we hope we can continue to grow, understand and comprehend “the universe”.

摘 要 i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vii
List of Tables xi
List of Publications xii
Explanation of Symbols xvii
Chapter 1、Introduction - 1 -
Chapter 2、Principle and Methods - 5 -
2-1 Lithium Niobate devices - 5 -
2-1-1 Lithium Niobate crystals - 5 -
2-1-2 Application of Lithium Niobate devices - 6 -
2-2 Electro-optical (EO) effect - 7 -
2-2-1 EO effect in Lithium Niobate crystals - 7 -
2-2-2 Electro-Optical Polarization-Mode Converter, EOPMC - 8 -
2-3 Waveguides - 12 -
2-3-1 Characteristic and advantage of waveguide devices - 12 -
2-3-2 Type of waveguides in Lithium Niobate crystals - 13 -
2-3-3 Modeling and design - 14 -
2-3-3-1 Effective index method - 15 -
2-3-3-2 Beam propagation method - 16 -
2-3-3-3 Half-wave voltage modeling - 17 -
2-3-3-4 High-speed modulation modeling - 19 -
2-3-3-5 Design of a single-mode waveguide - 21 -
2-3-4 Waveguide fabrication on Lithium Niobate crystals - 23 -
2-3-4-1 Ti-diffused waveguides - 23 -
2-3-4-2 Proton-Exchange (PE) type waveguides - 27 -
2-3-5 Test method - 30 -
2-3-5-1 Index profile measurement - 30 -
2-3-5-2 Mode size and aspect ratio - 31 -
2-3-5-3 Coupling efficiency - 32 -
2-3-5-4 Losses - 34 -
2-4 Nonlinear optical processes - 35 -
2-4-1 Nonlinear optical generation - 35 -
2-4-1-1 Sum-Frequency Generation, SFG - 36 -
2-4-1-2 Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion, SPDC - 38 -
2-4-1-3 Optical Parametric Oscillator, OPO - 39 -
2-4-2 Birefringence Phase-Matching, BPM - 39 -
2-4-3 Quasi-Phase-Matching, QPM - 41 -
2-4-3-1 (A)Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate, (A)PPLN - 42 -
2-4-3-2 QPM in domain-engineered LN waveguides - 42 -
2-4-4 Multi-QPM design - 43 -
2-4-4-1 Aperiodic Optical Structure, AOS - 44 -
2-4-4-2 Simulated-Annealed method, SA - 44 -
2-4-5 Fabrication of domain-engineered LiNbO3 devices - 46 -
2-5 Summary - 47 -
Chapter 3、Aperiodic Optical Structure in EO APPLN OPG/OPO - 48 -
3-1 Topic I: EO tunable, multi-wavelength OPGs in APPLN - 49 -
3-1-1 Multi-wavelength EO phase-matching tuning - 49 -
3-1-2 Design, simulation and experiments - 51 -
3-1-3 Results - 55 -
3-2 Topic II: Electro-optically spectrum tailorable IOPO - 57 -
3-2-1 Electro-optically spectrum tailorability, EOST - 58 -
3-2-2 Design, simulation and experiments - 59 -
3-2-3 Results and applications - 63 -
3-3 Summary - 64 -
Chapter 4、Integrated Optical Circuit, IOC - 66 -
4-1 Topic III: High-speed Lithium Niobate EO modulators array - 66 -
4-1-1 Principle and design - 66 -
4-1-2 Modulation performance simulation (RLCG method) - 67 -
4-1-3 Array-type intensity modulators - 69 -
4-2 Summary - 72 -
Chapter 5、Quantum Integrated Optical Circuits, QIOCs - 73 -
5-1 Topic IV: Light adiabatic transfer devices - 75 -
5-1-1 Adiabatic coupling - 75 -
5-1-2 Topic IV-1, Ultra-broadband adiabatic light transfer in titanium diffused Lithium Niobate waveguides - 77 -
5-1-3 Topic IV-2, Ultra-broadband asymmetric adiabatic coupler for two-photon quantum-polarization state preparation - 80 -
5-2 Topic V: Experiments of quantum integrated optical circuits - 87 -
5-2-1 Ti-diffused PPLN waveguide (Ti:PPLN/W) QIOC - 88 -
5-2-2 Type-II SFG Ti:PPLN/W characteristic - 89 -
5-2-3 SFG-SPDC analogy - 91 -
5-2-4 Quantum entanglement and quantum tomography - 95 -
5-2-5 Quantum source experiment of metasurface (MS) - 105 -
5-3 Summary - 110 -
Chapter 6、Conclusion and future outlook - 113 -
6-1 Conclusion - 113 -
6-2 Future outlook - 116 -
References - 119 -

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