臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

柚子(Citrus grandis Osbeck cv. Mato Wentan)為柑橘類芸香科(Rutaceae)柑橘屬植物，本試驗以柚子之葉子為材料，分成日光、30℃冷風、45℃熱風與60℃熱風等乾燥模式，可獲得四種不同乾燥處理之柚葉樣品。乾燥柚葉經過粉碎後，並以純水、50%乙醇及95%乙醇，進行萃取其抗氧化活性成分，進而探討各柚葉樣品萃取液之抗氧化活性。
利用不同乾燥方式處理新鮮柚葉，所得之乾燥柚葉水分含量分別為：日光 乾燥8.08±0.09%、30℃冷風乾燥9.31±0.21%、45℃熱風乾燥9.65±0.19%、60℃熱風乾燥12.83±0.10%。
抗氧化成分分析顯示，總酚含量以60℃熱風乾燥及95%乙醇萃取之柚葉樣品總酚含量(5.88 mg/g，db)為最高，該試驗顯示較高濃度的乙醇溶劑對樣品中總酚溶出率高；類黃酮分析顯示，60℃熱風乾燥及95%乙醇萃取之柚葉樣品其總酚含量(35.48 mg/g)為最高，此部分數據與總酚結果具一致性，顯示含乙醇之溶劑對樣品中類黃酮溶出率較高。
活性成分分析：結果顯示，30℃冷風乾燥之柚葉，利用95%乙醇進行萃取，葉綠素含量(3.50 mg/g，db)為最高。此外結果試驗顯示，當溶劑中乙醇濃度較高時，各組別柚葉樣品葉綠素含量皆有高於純水的現象，這顯示含乙醇溶劑對於植物色素溶出率有較高表現。
抗氧化能力分析顯示，在DPPH自由基清除能力方面，柚葉經30℃冷風乾燥處理，並以95%乙醇為萃取溶劑，所得之清除率(55.93%)最高；在還原力方面，以95%乙醇為萃取溶劑時，30℃冷風乾燥之柚葉樣品組為最高，可達 52.37 mg BHT eq/L。本試驗顯示，總酚及類黃酮的含量對還原能力高低表現，具正相關性，故總酚含量越高其還原能力也會越高。在總抗氧化能力方面，以水為萃取劑，萃取日光乾燥柚葉樣品後，所測得之總抗氧化能力(111.36 mg/L)為最高。

Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck cv. Mato Wentan) belongs to the family of Rutaceae. In the present study, pomelo leaves were dried by four different drying methods including solar drying, 30℃ cold air drying, 45℃ hot air drying and 60℃ hot air drying. The dried leaves were ground and subsequently extracted by distilled water, 50% ethanol and 95% ethanol. The bioactive components (total polyphenols, flavonoids and chlorophyll) as well as antioxidant properties (DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) were determined.
The moisture contents of pomelo leaves dried by solar, 30℃ cold air, 45℃ hot air and 60℃ hot air were 8.08±0.09%, 9.31±0.21%, 9.65±0.19% and 12.83±0.10%, respectively.
The highest total polyphenols (5.88 mg/g, db) and total flavonoids (35.48 mg/g, db) were detected in the pomelo leaves dried by 60℃ hot air and extracted by 95% ethanol. Compared with other extraction solvents, 95% ethanol is the best solvent for polyphenols and flavonoids in this study. The highest chlorophyll content (3.50 mg/g, db) was found in the pomelo leaves dried by 30℃ cold air and extracted by 95% ethanol. While chlorophyll is dissolvable in ethanol, low drying temperature also preserves more chlorophyll.
The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (55.93%) and reducing power (52.37 mg BHT eq/L) were found in the pomelo leaves dried by 30℃ cold air and extracted by 95% ethanol. These results are positively correlated with the amounts of total polyphenols and flavonoids. However, pomelo leaves dried by solar and extracted by distilled water showed the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (111.36 mg/L).

中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………I
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………III
目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………V
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………X
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………XII

壹、前言……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
貳、文獻整理…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
一、自由基與活性氧之來源及氧化傷害……………………………………………………………3
(一) 活性氧與自由基種類………………………………………………………………………………………3
(二) 外來源與內來源自由基的產生……………………………………………………………………7
(三) 活性氧與自由基所形成傷害之機制…………………………………………………………12
(四) 活性氧與自由基所形成傷害之疾病…………………………………………………………12
(五) 人體抵抗自由基的防禦系統………………………………………………………………………15
(六) 抗氧化物質與活性成分…………………………………………………………………………………18
1. 酵素性抗氧化劑……………………………………………………………………………………………………18
(1) 超氧化物歧化酶…………………………………………………………………………………………………18
(2) 穀胱苷肽過氧化酶……………………………………………………………………………………………21
(3) 過氧化氫酶…………………………………………………………………………………………………………23
(4) 還原型輔酶…………………………………………………………………………………………………………24
2. 非酵素性抗氧化劑………………………………………………………………………………………………25
(1) 抗壞血酸………………………………………………………………………………………………………………25
(2) 類胡蘿蔔素…………………………………………………………………………………………………………27
(3) 生育醇……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
3. 植物性化學成分……………………………………………………………………………………………………30
(1) 多酚類化合物………………………………………………………………………………………………………30
(2) 類黃酮化合物………………………………………………………………………………………………………31
(3) 酚酸類……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35
(4) 鞣質…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
二、柚子簡介…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
(一) 性狀及品種…………………………………………………………………………………………………………38
(二) 產量及產區…………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
(三) 機能性成分…………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
(四) 生理活性………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
參、材料與方法……………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
一、實驗架構…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
二、實驗材料…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
(一) 材料………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
三、藥品及試劑……………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
四、實驗儀器…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
五、實驗方法…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53
(一) 樣品前處理…………………………………………………………………………………………………………53
1. 乾燥處理…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53
(1) 日光乾燥………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53
(2) 冷風乾燥30℃……………………………………………………………………………………………………53
(3) 熱風乾燥45℃……………………………………………………………………………………………………54
(4) 熱風乾燥60℃……………………………………………………………………………………………………55
2. 水分測定…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………55
3. 萃取…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………56
六、分析方法………………………………………………………………………………………………………………57
(一) 一般成分分析…………………………………………………………………………………………………57
1. 總固形物分析………………………………………………………………………………………………………57
2. 色澤分析…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………57
3. 酸鹼值(pH)分析…………………………………………………………………………………………………57
(二) 抗氧化成分分析……………………………………………………………………………………………57
1. 總酚含量測定………………………………………………………………………………………………………57
2. 類黃酮含量測定…………………………………………………………………………………………………58
(三) 活性成分分析…………………………………………………………………………………………………59
1. 葉綠素含量測定…………………………………………………………………………………………………59
(四) 抗氧化能力分析……………………………………………………………………………………………60
1. 清除DPPH自由基能力測定……………………………………………………………………………60
2. 還原能力測定………………………………………………………………………………………………………60
3. 總抗氧化能力測定……………………………………………………………………………………………61
七、統計分析………………………………………………………………………………………………………………61
肆、結果與討論…………………………………………………………………………………………………………62
一、乾燥處理………………………………………………………………………………………………………………62
(一) 乾燥處理對於水分移除之影響………………………………………………………………62
二、溶劑萃取………………………………………………………………………………………………………………65
(一) 基本成分…………………………………………………………………………………………………………65
1. 萃取液總固形物含量及萃取物產率…………………………………………………………65
2. 萃取液之色澤分析……………………………………………………………………………………………67
3. 萃取液之酸鹼值………………………………………………………………………………………………70
(二) 抗氧化成分……………………………………………………………………………………………………72
1. 總酚含量………………………………………………………………………………………………………………72
2. 類黃酮含量…………………………………………………………………………………………………………75
(三) 活性成分…………………………………………………………………………………………………………78
1. 葉綠素含量…………………………………………………………………………………………………………78
(四) 抗氧化能力……………………………………………………………………………………………………81
1. 清除DPPH自由基能力……………………………………………………………………………………81
2. 還原能力………………………………………………………………………………………………………………86
3. 總抗氧化能力……………………………………………………………………………………………………91
伍、結論………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………96
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………………………………………98

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