Ahmed, A. U., Auffinger, B., and Lesniak, M. S. (2013). Understanding glioma stem cells: rationale, clinical relevance and therapeutic strategies. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(5), 545-555.
Al-Hajj, M., Wicha, M. S., Benito-Hernandez, A., Morrison, S. J., and Clarke, M. F. (2003). Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. PNAS, 100(7), 3983-3988.
Asiedu, M. K., Beauchamp-Perez, F. D., Ingle, J. N., Behrens, M. D., Radisky, D. C., and Knutson, K. L. (2014). AXL induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and regulates the function of breast cancer stem cells. Oncogene, 33(10), 1316-1324.
Baccelli, I., Schneeweiss, A., Riethdorf, S., Stenzinger, A., Schillert, A., Vogel, V., Klein, C., Saini, M., Bauerle, T., Wallwiener, M., Holland-Letz, T., Hofner, T., Sprick, M., Scharpff, M., Marme, F., Sinn, H. P., Pantel, K., Weichert, W., and Trumpp, A. (2013). Identification of a population of blood circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients that initiates metastasis in a xenograft assay. Nature Biotechnology, 31(6), 539-544.
Bao, S., Wu, Q., McLendon, R. E., Hao, Y., Shi, Q., Hjelmeland, A. B., Dewhirst, M. W., Bigner, D. D., and Rich, J. N. (2006). Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature, 444(7120), 756-760.
Berclaz, G., Altermatt, H. J., Rohrbach, V., Kieffer, I., Dreher, E., and Andres, A. C. (2001). Estrogen dependent expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase axl in normal and malignant human breast. Annals of Oncology, 12(6), 819-824.
Biter, B. G., Aird, K. M., Garipov, A., Li, H., Amatangelo, M., Kossenkov, A. V., Schultz, D. C., Liu, Q., Shih, I. M., Conejo-Garcia, J. R., Speicher, D. W., and Zhang, R. (2015). Targeting EZH2 methyltransferase activity in ARID1A mutated cancer cells is synthetic lethal. Nature Medicine, 21(3), 231-238.
Bracken, A. P., Pasini, D., Capra, M., Prosperini, E., Colli, E., and Helin, K. (2003). EZH2 is downstream of the pRB-E2F pathway, essential for proliferation and amplified in cancer. The EMBO journal, 22(20), 5323-5335.
Braunger, J., Schleithoff, L., Schulz, A. S., Kessler, H., Lammers, R., Ullrich, A., Bartram, C. R., and Janssen, J. W. (1997). Intracellular signaling of the Ufo/Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is mediated mainly by a multi-substrate docking-site. Oncogene, 14(22), 2619-2631.
Cao, Q., Yu, J., Dhanasekaran, S. M., Kim, J. H., Mani, R. S., Tomlins, S. A., Mehra, R., Laxman, B., Cao, X., Kleer, C. G., Varambally, S., and Chinnaiyan, A. M. (2008). Repression of E-cadherin by the polycomb group protein EZH2 in cancer. Oncogene, 27(58), 7274-7284.
Cao, R., and Zhang, Y. (2004). The functions of E(Z)/EZH2-mediated methylation of lysine 27 in histone H3. Current opinion in genetics & development, 14(2), 155-164.
Charles, N. A., Holland, E. C., Gilbertson, R., Glass, R., and Kettenmann, H. (2011). The brain tumor microenvironment. Glia, 59(8), 1169-1180.
Chen, Y. L., Jian, M. H., Lin, C. C., Kang, J. C., Chen, S. P., Lin, P. C., Hung, P. J., Chen, J. R., Chang, W. L., Lin, S. Z., and Harn, H. J. (2008). The induction of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 expression by n-butylenephthalide as pharmaceuticals on hepatocellular carcinoma cell therapy. Molecular Pharmacology, 74(4), 1046-1058.
Chen, J., Li, Y., Yu, T. S., McKay, R. M., Burns, D. K., Kernie, S. G., and Parada, L. F. (2012). A restricted cell population propagates glioblastoma growth after chemotherapy. Nature, 488(7412), 522-526.
Chiba, T., Kita, K., Zheng, Y. W., Yokosuka, O., Saisho, H., Iwama, A., Nakauchi, H., and Taniguchi, H. (2006). Side population purified from hepatocellular carcinoma cells harbors cancer stem cell-like properties. Hepatology, 44(1), 240-251.
Chintala, S. K., Ali-Osman, F., Mohanam, S., Rayford, A., Go, Y., Gokaslan, Z. L., Gagercas, E., Venkaiah, B., Sawaya, R., Nicolson, G. L., and Rao, J. S. (1997). Effect of cisplatin and BCNU on MMP-2 levels in human glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis, 15(4), 361-367.
Cho, D. Y., Lin, S. Z., Yang, W. K., Lee, H. C., Hsu, D. M., Lin, H. L., Chen, C. C., Liu, C. L., Lee, W. Y., and Ho, L. H. (2013). Targeting cancer stem cells for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Cell Transplant, 22(4), 731-739.
Collins, A. T., Berry, P. A., Hyde, C., Stower, M. J., and Maitland, N. J. (2005). Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Research, 65(23), 10946-10951.
Craven, R. J., Xu, L. H., Weiner, T. M., Fridell, Y. W., Dent, G. A., Srivastava, S., Varnum, B., Liu, E. T., and Cance, W. G. (1995). Receptor tyrosine kinases expressed in metastatic colon cancer. Int J Cancer, 60(6), 791-797.
Crea, F., Fornaro, L., Bocci, G., Sun, L., Farrar, W. L., Falcone, A., and Danesi, R. (2012). EZH2 inhibition: targeting the crossroad of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Cancer metastasis reviews, 31(3-4), 753-761.
de Vries, N. A., Hulsman, D., Akhtar, W., de Jong, J., Miles, D. C., Blom, M., van Tellingen, O., Jonkers, J., and van Lohuizen, M. (2015). Prolonged Ezh2 Depletion in Glioblastoma Causes a Robust Switch in Cell Fate Resulting in Tumor Progression. Cell Reports, 10(3), 383-397.
Eskander, R. N., Ji, T., Huynh, B., Wardeh, R., Randall, L. M., and Hoang, B. (2013). Inhibition of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression is associated with decreased tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in endometrial cancer cell lines. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 23(6), 997-1005.
Friedman, H. S., Prados, M. D., Wen, P. Y., Mikkelsen, T., Schiff, D., Abrey, L. E., Yung, W. K., Paleologos, N., Nicholas, M. K., Jensen, R., Vredenburgh, J., Huang, J., Zheng, M., and Cloughesy, T. (2009). Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(28), 4733-4740.
Fujii, S., Ito, K., Ito, Y., and Ochiai, A. (2008). Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) down-regulates RUNX3 by increasing histone H3 methylation. The Journal of biological chemistry, 283(25), 17324-17332.
Gallagher, S. J., Mijatov, B., Gunatilake, D., Tiffen, J. C., Gowrishankar, K., Jin, L., Pupo, G. M., Cullinane, C., Prinjha, R. K., Smithers, N., McArthur, G. A., Rizos, H., and Hersey, P. (2014). The epigenetic regulator I-BET151 induces BIM-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human melanoma cells. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134(11), 2795-2805.
Galli, R., Binda, E., Orfanelli, U., Cipelletti, B., Gritti, A., De Vitis, S., Fiocco, R., Foroni, C., Dimeco, F., and Vescovi, A. (2004). Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma. Cancer Research, 64(19), 7011-7021.
Gjerdrum, C., Tiron, C., Høiby, T., Stefansson, I., Haugen, H., Sandal, T., Collett, K., Li, S., McCormack, E., Gjertsen Bø, T., Micklem, D. R., Akslen, L. A., Glackin, C., and Lorens, J. B. (2010). Axl is an essential epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-induced regulator of breast cancer metastasis and patient survival. PNAS, 107(3), 1124-1129.
Gjerdrum, C., Tiron, C., Hoiby, T., Stefansson, I., Haugen, H., Sandal, T., Collett, K., Li, S., McCormack, E., Gjertsen, B. T., Micklem, D. R., Akslen, L. A., Glackin, C., and Lorens, J. B. (2010). Axl is an essential epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-induced regulator of breast cancer metastasis and patient survival. PNAS, 107(3), 1124-1129.
Green, J., Ikram, M., Vyas, J., Patel, N., Proby, C. M., Ghali, L., Leigh, I. M., O'Toole, E. A., and Storey, A. (2006). Overexpression of the Axl tyrosine kinase receptor in cutaneous SCC-derived cell lines and tumours. British Journal of Cancer, 94(10), 1446-1451.
Harn, H. J., Huang, M. H., Lin, P. C., Syu, F. J., Hsieh, D. K., Yen, S. Y., Lin, S. Z., and Chiou, T. W. (2013). (Z)-butylidenephthalide Restores Temozolomide Sensitivity to Temozolomide-resistant Malignant Glioma Cells by Downregulating Expression of the DNA Repair Enzyme MGMT. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1(1), 36-49.
Harn, H. J., Lin, S. Z., Lin, P. C., Liu, C. Y., Liu, P. Y., Chang, L. F., Yen, S. Y., Hsieh, D. K., Liu, F. C., Tai, D. F., and Chiou, T. W. (2011). Local interstitial delivery of z-butylidenephthalide by polymer wafers against malignant human gliomas. Neuro-Oncology, 13(6), 635-648.
He, J., Shan, Z., Li, L., Liu, F., Liu, Z., Song, M., and Zhu, H. (2011). Expression of glioma stem cell marker CD133 and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is associated with resistance to radiotherapy in gliomas. Oncology Reports, 26(5), 1305-1313.
Hector, A., Montgomery, E. A., Karikari, C., Canto, M., Dunbar, K. B., Wang, J. S., Feldmann, G., Hong, S. M., Haffner, M. C., Meeker, A. K., Holland, S. J., Yu, J., Heckrodt, T. J., Zhang, J., Ding, P., Goff, D., Singh, R., Roa, J. C., Marimuthu, A., Riggins, G. J., Eshleman, J. R., Nelkin, B. D., Pandey, A., and Maitra, A. (2010). The Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is an adverse prognostic factor and a therapeutic target in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Biology & Therapy 10(10), 1009-1018.
Hegi, M. E., Diserens, A. C., Gorlia, T., Hamou, M. F., de Tribolet, N., Weller, M., Kros, J. M., Hainfellner, J. A., Mason, W., Mariani, L., Bromberg, J. E., Hau, P., Mirimanoff, R. O., Cairncross, J. G., Janzer, R. C., and Stupp, R. (2005). MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352(10), 997-1003.
Hemmati, H. D., Nakano, I., Lazareff, J. A., Masterman-Smith, M., Geschwind, D. H., Bronner-Fraser, M., and Kornblum, H. I. (2003). Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors. PNAS, 100(25), 15178-15183.
Hermann, P. C., Huber, S. L., Herrler, T., Aicher, A., Ellwart, J. W., Guba, M., Bruns, C. J., and Heeschen, C. (2007). Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Stem Cell, 1(3), 313-323.
Hirschmann-Jax, C., Foster, A. E., Wulf, G. G., Nuchtern, J. G., Jax, T. W., Gobel, U., Goodell, M. A., and Brenner, M. K. (2004). A distinct "side population" of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells. PNAS, 101(39), 14228-14233.
Hodgkinson, C. L., Morrow, C. J., Li, Y., Metcalf, R. L., Rothwell, D. G., Trapani, F., Polanski, R., Burt, D. J., Simpson, K. L., Morris, K., Pepper, S. D., Nonaka, D., Greystoke, A., Kelly, P., Bola, B., Krebs, M. G., Antonello, J., Ayub, M., Faulkner, S., Priest, L., Carter, L., Tate, C., Miller, C. J., Blackhall, F., Brady, G., and Dive, C. (2014). Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nature Medicine, 20(8), 897-903.
Huang, M. H., Lin, S. Z., Lin, P. C., Chiou, T. W., Harn, Y. W., Ho, L. I., Chan, T. M., Chou, C. W., Chuang, C. H., Su, H. L., and Harn, H. J. (2014). Brain tumor senescence might be mediated by downregulation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 via butylidenephthalide leading to decreased cell viability. Tumour Biology, 35(5), 4875-4884.
Hutterer, M., Knyazev, P., Abate, A., Reschke, M., Maier, H., Stefanova, N., Knyazeva, T., Barbieri, V., Reindl, M., Muigg, A., Kostron, H., Stockhammer, G., and Ullrich, A. (2008). Axl and growth arrest-specific gene 6 are frequently overexpressed in human gliomas and predict poor prognosis in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 14(1), 130-138.
Ignatova, T. N., Kukekov, V. G., Laywell, E. D., Suslov, O. N., Vrionis, F. D., and Steindler, D. A. (2002). Human cortical glial tumors contain neural stem-like cells expressing astroglial and neuronal markers in vitro. Glia, 39(3), 193-206.
Italiano, A. (2016). Role of the EZH2 histone methyltransferase as a therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 165, 26-31.
Ito, T., Ito, M., Naito, S., Ohtsuru, A., Nagayama, Y., Kanematsu, T., Yamashita, S., and Sekine, I. (1999). Expression of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase in human thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid, 9(6), 563-567.
Katona, B. W., Liu, Y., Ma, A., Jin, J., and Hua, X. (2014). EZH2 inhibition enhances the efficacy of an EGFR inhibitor in suppressing colon cancer cells. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 15(12), 1677-1687.
Keating, A. K., Kim, G. K., Jones, A. E., Donson, A. M., Ware, K., Mulcahy, J. M., Salzberg, D. B., Foreman, N. K., Liang, X., Thorburn, A., and Graham, D. K. (2010). Inhibition of Mer and Axl receptor tyrosine kinases in astrocytoma cells leads to increased apoptosis and improved chemosensitivity. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 9(5), 1298-1307.
Kim, C. F., Jackson, E. L., Woolfenden, A. E., Lawrence, S., Babar, I., Vogel, S., Crowley, D., Bronson, R. T., and Jacks, T. (2005). Identification of bronchioalveolar stem cells in normal lung and lung cancer. Cell, 121(6), 823-835.
Kim, J. E., Leung, E., Baguley, B. C., and Finlay, G. J. (2013). Heterogeneity of expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers in melanocytes and melanoma cell lines. Frontiers in Genetics, 4(97), 1-8.
Kleer, C. G., Cao, Q., Varambally, S., Shen, R., Ota, I., Tomlins, S. A., Ghosh, D., Sewalt, R. G., Otte, A. P., Hayes, D. F., Sabel, M. S., Livant, D., Weiss, S. J., Rubin, M. A., and Chinnaiyan, A. M. (2003). EZH2 is a marker of aggressive breast cancer and promotes neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. PNAS, 100(20), 11606-11611.
Kurzrock, R., Sherman, S. I., Ball, D. W., Forastiere, A. A., Cohen, R. B., Mehra, R., Pfister, D. G., Cohen, E. E., Janisch, L., Nauling, F., Hong, D. S., Ng, C. S., Ye, L., Gagel, R. F., Frye, J., Muller, T., Ratain, M. J., and Salgia, R. (2011). Activity of XL184 (Cabozantinib), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with medullary thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(19), 2660-2666.
Lan, X., Wu, Y. Z., Wang, Y., Wu, F. R., Zang, C. B., Tang, C., Cao, S., and Li, S. L. (2013). CD133 silencing inhibits stemness properties and enhances chemoradiosensitivity in CD133-positive liver cancer stem cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31(2), 315-324.
Li, Y., Ye, X., Tan, C., Hongo, J. A., Zha, J., Liu, J., Kallop, D., Ludlam, M. J., and Pei, L. (2009). Axl as a potential therapeutic target in cancer: role of Axl in tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Oncogene, 28(39), 3442-3455.
Lim, J., and Thiery, J. P. (2012). Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: insights from development. Development, 139(19), 3471-3486.
Lin, P. C., Chen, Y. L., Chiu, S. C., Yu, Y. L., Chen, S. P., Chien, M. H., Chen, K. Y., Chang, W. L., Lin, S. Z., Chiou, T. W., and Harn, H. J. (2008). Orphan nuclear receptor, Nurr-77 was a possible target gene of butylidenephthalide chemotherapy on glioblastoma multiform brain tumor. Journal of Neurochemistry, 106(3), 1017-1026.
Lin, P. C., Lin, S. Z., Chen, Y. L., Chang, J. S., Ho, L. I., Liu, P. Y., Chang, L. F., Harn, Y. C., Chen, S. P., Sun, L. Y., Huang, P. C., Chein, J. T., Tsai, C. H., Chou, C. W., Harn, H. J., and Chiou, T. W. (2011). Butylidenephthalide suppresses human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in human glioblastomas. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 18(12), 3514-3527.
Liu, G., Yuan, X., Zeng, Z., Tunici, P., Ng, H., Abdulkadir, I. R., Lu, L., Irvin, D., Black, K. L., and Yu, J. S. (2006). Analysis of gene expression and chemoresistance of CD133+ cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Molecular Cancer, 5, 67.
Louis, D. N., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O. D., Cavenee, W. K., Burger, P. C., Jouvet, A., Scheithauer, B. W., and Kleihues, P. (2007). The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta neuropathologica, 114(2), 97-109.
Ma, H. I., Chiou, S. H., Hueng, D. Y., Tai, L. K., Pin-I Huang, P. I., Kao, C. L., Chen, Y. W., and Sytwu, H. K. (2011). Celecoxib and radioresistant glioblastoma-derived CD133+ cells: improvement in radiotherapeutic effects. Journal of Neurosurgery, 114(3), 651-662.
Mani, S. A., Guo, W., Liao, M. J., Eaton, E. N., Ayyanan, A., Zhou, A. Y., Brooks, M., Reinhard, F., Zhang, C. C., Shipitsin, M., Campbell, L. L., Polyak, K., Brisken, C., Yang, J., and Weinberg, R. A. (2008). The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Cells with Properties of Stem Cells. Cell, 133(4), 704-715.
Min, J., Zaslavsky, A., Fedele, G., McLaughlin, S. K., Reczek, E. E., De Raedt, T., Guney, I., Strochlic, D. E., Macconaill, L. E., Beroukhim, R., Bronson, R. T., Ryeom, S., Hahn, W. C., Loda, M., and Cichowski, K. (2010). An oncogene-tumor suppressor cascade drives metastatic prostate cancer by coordinately activating Ras and nuclear factor-kappaB. Nature medicine, 16(3), 286-294.
Monzani, E., Facchetti, F., Galmozzi, E., Corsini, E., Benetti, A., Cavazzin, C., Gritti, A., Piccinini, A., Porro, D., Santinami, M., Invernici, G., Parati, E., Alessandri, G., and La Porta, C. A. (2007). Melanoma contains CD133 and ABCG2 positive cells with enhanced tumourigenic potential. European Journal of Cancer, 43(5), 935-946.
Mosmann, T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65(1-2), 55-63.
Nakagawa, S., Okabe, H., Sakamoto, Y., Hayashi, H., Hashimoto, D., Yokoyama, N., Sakamoto, K., Kuroki, H., Mima, K., Nitta, H., Imai, K., Chikamoto, A., Watanabe, M., Beppu, T., and Baba, H. (2013). Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) promotes progression of cholangiocarcinoma cells by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 20 Suppl 3, S667-675.
Nakai, E., Park, K., Yawata, T., Chihara, T., Kumazawa, A., Nakabayashi, H., and Shimizu, K. (2009). Enhanced MDR1 expression and chemoresistance of cancer stem cells derived from glioblastoma. Cancer Investigation, 27(9), 901-908.
Nemoto, T., Ohashi, K., Akashi, T., Johnson, J. D., and Hirokawa, K. (1997). Overexpression of protein tyrosine kinases in human esophageal cancer. Pathobiology, 65(4), 195-203.
Noll, J. E., Vandyke, K., and Zannettino, A. C. (2014). The Role of the “Cancer Stem Cell Niche” in Cancer Initiation and Progression. In S. Wislet-Gendebien (Ed.), Adult Stem Cell Niches, Rijeka, InTech.
O'Brien, C. A., Pollett, A., Gallinger, S., and Dick, J. E. (2007). A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature, 445(7123), 106-110.
Olempska, M., Eisenach, P. A., Ammerpohl, O., Ungefroren, H., Fandrich, F., and Kalthoff, H. (2007). Detection of tumor stem cell markers in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International, 6(1), 92-97.
Onken, J., Torka, R., Korsing, S., Radke, J., Krementeskaia, I., Nieminen, M., Bai, X., Ullrich, A., Heppner, F., and Vajkoczy, P. (2016). Inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinase AXL with small molecule inhibitor BMS-777607 reduces glioblastoma growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget, 7(9), 9876-9889.
Orzan, F., Pellegatta, S., Poliani, P. L., Pisati, F., Caldera, V., Menghi, F., Kapetis, D., Marras, C., Schiffer, D., and Finocchiaro, G. (2011). Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) is up-regulated in malignant gliomas and in glioma stem-like cells. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology, 37(4), 381-394.
Ott, M., Litzenburger, U. M., Sahm, F., Rauschenbach, K. J., Tudoran, R., Hartmann, C., Marquez, V. E., von Deimling, A., Wick, W., and Platten, M. (2012). Promotion of glioblastoma cell motility by enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is mediated by AXL receptor kinase. PLoS One, 7(10), e47663.
Patterson, D. L., Wiemann, M. C., Lee, T. H., and Byron, W. A., Jr. (1993). Carmustine toxicity presenting as a lobar infiltrate. Chest, 104(1), 315-317.
Phillips, H. S., Kharbanda, S., Chen, R., Forrest, W. F., Soriano, R. H., Wu, T. D., Misra, A., Nigro, J. M., Colman, H., Soroceanu, L., Williams, P. M., Modrusan, Z., Feuerstein, B. G., and Aldape, K. (2006). Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell, 9(3), 157-173.
Plaks, V., Kong, N., and Werb, Z. (2015). The Cancer Stem Cell Niche: How Essential Is the Niche in Regulating Stemness of Tumor Cells? Cell Stem Cell, 16(3), 225-238.
Poste, G., and Greig, R. (1982). On the genesis and regulation of cellular heterogeneity in malignant tumors. Invasion Metastasis, 2(3), 137-176.
Rankin, E. B., Fuh, K. C., Taylor, T. E., Krieg, A. J., Musser, M., Yuan, J., Wei, K., Kuo, C. J., Longacre, T. A., and Giaccia, A. J. (2010). AXL is an essential factor and therapeutic target for metastatic ovarian cancer. Cancer Research, 70(19), 7570-7579.
Reya, T., Morrison, S. J., Clarke, M. F., and Weissman, I. L. (2001). Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature, 414(6859), 105-111.
Ricci-Vitiani, L., Lombardi, D. G., Pilozzi, E., Biffoni, M., Todaro, M., Peschle, C., and De Maria, R. (2007). Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature, 445(7123), 111-115.
Schroeder, G. M., An, Y., Cai, Z. W., Chen, X. T., Clark, C., Cornelius, L. A., Dai, J., Gullo-Brown, J., Gupta, A., Henley, B., Hunt, J. T., Jeyaseelan, R., Kamath, A., Kim, K., Lippy, J., Lombardo, L. J., Manne, V., Oppenheimer, S., Sack, J. S., Schmidt, R. J., Shen, G., Stefanski, K., Tokarski, J. S., Trainor, G. L., Wautlet, B. S., Wei, D., Williams, D. K., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Fargnoli, J., and Borzilleri, R. M. (2009). Discovery of N-(4-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-ethoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl )-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (BMS-777607), a selective and orally efficacious inhibitor of the Met kinase superfamily. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 52(5), 1251-1254.
Sell, S., and Pierce, G. B. (1994). Maturation arrest of stem cell differentiation is a common pathway for the cellular origin of teratocarcinomas and epithelial cancers. Laboratory Investigation, 70(1), 6-22.
Sheridan, C. (2013). First Axl inhibitor enters clinical trials. Nature Biotechnology, 31(9), 775-776.
Shieh, Y. S., Lai, C. Y., Kao, Y. R., Shiah, S. G., Chu, Y. W., Lee, H. S., and Wu, C. W. (2005). Expression of axl in lung adenocarcinoma and correlation with tumor progression. Neoplasia, 7(12), 1058-1064.
Singh, S. K., Clarke, I. D., Terasaki, M., Bonn, V. E., Hawkins, C., Squire, J., and Dirks, P. B. (2003). Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Research, 63(18), 5821-5828.
Singh, S. K., Hawkins, C., Clarke, I. D., Squire, J. A., Bayani, J., Hide, T., Henkelman, R. M., Cusimano, M. D., and Dirks, P. B. (2004). Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature, 432(7015), 396-401.
Stupp , R., Mason , W. P., van den Bent , M. J., Weller , M., Fisher , B., Taphoorn , M. J. B., Belanger , K., Brandes , A. A., Marosi , C., Bogdahn , U., Curschmann , J., Janzer , R. C., Ludwin , S. K., Gorlia , T. Y., Allgeier , A., Lacombe , D., Cairncross , J. G., Eisenhauer , E., and Mirimanoff , R. O. (2005). Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(10), 987-996.
Suetsugu, A., Nagaki, M., Aoki, H., Motohashi, T., Kunisada, T., and Moriwaki, H. (2006). Characterization of CD133+ hepatocellular carcinoma cells as cancer stem/progenitor cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 351(4), 820-824.
Suva, M. L., Riggi, N., Janiszewska, M., Radovanovic, I., Provero, P., Stehle, J. C., Baumer, K., Le Bitoux, M. A., Marino, D., Cironi, L., Marquez, V. E., Clement, V., and Stamenkovic, I. (2009). EZH2 is essential for glioblastoma cancer stem cell maintenance. Cancer Research, 69(24), 9211-9218.
Swanson, K. R., Bridge, C., Murray, J. D., and Alvord, E. C., Jr. (2003). Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 216(1), 1-10.
Tabatabai, G., and Weller, M. (2011). Glioblastoma stem cells. Cell Tissue Research, 343(3), 459-465.
Travis, J. (2004). The bad seed: Rare stem cells appear to drive cancers. Science News, 165(12), 184-185.
Tsai, N. M., Chen, Y. L., Lee, C. C., Lin, P. C., Cheng, Y. L., Chang, W. L., Lin, S. Z., and Harn, H. J. (2006). The natural compound n-butylidenephthalide derived from Angelica sinensis inhibits malignant brain tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Neurochemistry, 99(4), 1251-1262.
Tsai, N. M., Lin, S. Z., Lee, C. C., Chen, S. P., Su, H. C., Chang, W. L., and Harn, H. J. (2005). The antitumor effects of Angelica sinensis on malignant brain tumors in vitro and in vivo. Clinical Cancer Research, 11(9), 3475-3484.
Varambally, S., Dhanasekaran, S. M., Zhou, M., Barrette, T. R., Kumar-Sinha, C., Sanda, M. G., Ghosh, D., Pienta, K. J., Sewalt, R. G., Otte, A. P., Rubin, M. A., and Chinnaiyan, A. M. (2002). The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature, 419(6907), 624-629.
Verhaak, R. G., Hoadley, K. A., Purdom, E., Wang, V., Qi, Y., Wilkerson, M. D., Miller, C. R., Ding, L., Golub, T., Mesirov, J. P., Alexe, G., Lawrence, M., O'Kelly, M., Tamayo, P., Weir, B. A., Gabriel, S., Winckler, W., Gupta, S., Jakkula, L., Feiler, H. S., Hodgson, J. G., James, C. D., Sarkaria, J. N., Brennan, C., Kahn, A., Spellman, P. T., Wilson, R. K., Speed, T. P., Gray, J. W., Meyerson, M., Getz, G., Perou, C. M., and Hayes, D. N. (2010). Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell, 17(1), 98-110.
Vinogradov, S., and Wei, X. (2012). Cancer stem cells and drug resistance: the potential of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond), 7(4), 597-615.
Vouri, M., An, Q., Birt, M., Pilkington, G. J., and Hafizi, S. (2015). Small molecule inhibition of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase potently suppresses multiple malignant properties of glioma cells. Oncotarget, 6(18), 16183-16197.
Wen, P. Y., and Kesari, S. (2008). Malignant gliomas in adults. The New England journal of medicine, 359(5), 492-507.
Woodruff, M. F. (1983). Cellular heterogeneity in tumours. British Journal of Cancer, 47(5), 589-594.
Wu, Z., Lee, S. T., Qiao, Y., Li, Z., Lee, P. L., Lee, Y. J., Jiang, X., Tan, J., Aau, M., Lim, C. Z., and Yu, Q. (2011). Polycomb protein EZH2 regulates cancer cell fate decision in response to DNA damage. Cell death and differentiation, 18(11), 1771-1779.
Wulf, G. G., Wang, R. Y., Kuehnle, I., Weidner, D., Marini, F., Brenner, M. K., Andreeff, M., and Goodell, M. A. (2001). A leukemic stem cell with intrinsic drug efflux capacity in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 98(4), 1166-1173.
Yakes, F. M., Chen, J., Tan, J., Yamaguchi, K., Shi, Y., Yu, P., Qian, F., Chu, F., Bentzien, F., Cancilla, B., Orf, J., You, A., Laird, A. D., Engst, S., Lee, L., Lesch, J., Chou, Y. C., and Joly, A. H. (2011). Cabozantinib (XL184), a novel MET and VEGFR2 inhibitor, simultaneously suppresses metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 10(12), 2298-2308.
Yamaguchi, H., and Hung, M. C. (2014). Regulation and Role of EZH2 in Cancer. Cancer Research and Treatment, 46(3), 209-222.
Yamori, T., Matsunaga, A., Sato, S., Yamazaki, K., Komi, A., Ishizu, K., Mita, I., Edatsugi, H., Matsuba, Y., Takezawa, K., Nakanishi, O., Kohno, H., Nakajima, Y., Komatsu, H., Andoh, T., and Tsuruo, T. (1999). Potent antitumor activity of MS-247, a novel DNA minor groove binder, evaluated by an in vitro and in vivo human cancer cell line panel. Cancer Res, 59(16), 4042-4049.
Yang, X., Karuturi, R. K., Sun, F., Aau, M., Yu, K., Shao, R., Miller, L. D., Tan, P. B., and Yu, Q. (2009). CDKN1C (p57) is a direct target of EZH2 and suppressed by multiple epigenetic mechanisms in breast cancer cells. PLoS One, 4(4), e5011.
Ye, J., Wu, D., Wu, P., Chen, Z., and Huang, J. (2014). The cancer stem cell niche: cross talk between cancer stem cells and their microenvironment. Tumor Biology, 35(5), 3945-3951.
Ye, X., Li, Y., Stawicki, S., Couto, S., Eastham-Anderson, J., Kallop, D., Weimer, R., Wu, Y., and Pei, L. (2010). An anti-Axl monoclonal antibody attenuates xenograft tumor growth and enhances the effect of multiple anticancer therapies. Oncogene, 29(38), 5254-5264.
Zarkoob, H., Taube, J. H., Singh, S. K., Mani, S. A., and Kohandel, M. (2013). Investigating the link between molecular subtypes of glioblastoma, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and CD133 cell surface protein. PLoS One, 8(5), e64169.
Zhang, J., Chen, L., Han, L., Shi, Z., Zhang, J., Pu, P., and Kang, C. (2015). EZH2 is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in glioblastoma. Cancer Letter, 356(2 Pt B), 929-936.
Zhang, Y., Guessous, F., Kofman, A., Schiff, D., and Abounader, R. (2010). XL-184, a MET, VEGFR-2 and RET kinase inhibitor for the treatment of thyroid cancer, glioblastoma multiforme and NSCLC. IDrugs : the investigational drugs journal, 13(2), 112-121.
Zoni, E., van der Horst, G., van de Merbel, A. F., Chen, L., Rane, J. K., Pelger, R. C., Collins, A. T., Visakorpi, T., Snaar-Jagalska, B. E., Maitland, N. J., and van der Pluijm, G. (2015). miR-25 Modulates Invasiveness and Dissemination of Human Prostate Cancer Cells via Regulation of alphav- and alpha6-Integrin Expression. Cancer Research, 75(11), 2326-2336.
陳雪容,中草藥萃取物抑制Axl酪胺酸激酶受體與對抗惡性腦瘤遷移與侵入之研究,2009,國立東華大學生物技術研究所,碩士論文。