為了解花青素性狀在番石榴的遺傳及表達，比較綠葉綠果皮粉紅肉的番石榴品系V31及其紫紅色自交後代V31(X)-1。V31(X)-1在小果期果肉花青素含量最高，但隨果實發育膨大花青素含量逐漸降低。親本V31在果實發育各個階段則未檢測到花青素。由‘珍珠拔’基因組資料庫中挑選出的93個R2R3 MYBs基因中，有五個番石榴PgMYBs與阿拉伯芥調控花青素生合成的MYBs同屬一亞群，分別命名為PgMYB1 ~ PgMYB5。番石榴PgMYB1與來自其他物種調控花青素生合成的MYBs在R2R3 domain有很高的胺基酸序列相似性。與‘珍珠拔’相比，V31(x)-1在PgMYB1啟動子的GA重複區增加了31次的重複。即時定量PCR分析果肉中五個PgMYBs，發現V31(x)-1的PgMYB1與花青素表達趨勢一致。在花青素生合成早期的基因包括PgCHS、PgCHI、PgF3H和PgDFR的表達也與花青素含量大致相同。然而，V31的PgMYBs和花青素生合成基因的表達與果實的花青素含量並無相關性。V31自交系及其衍生子代的遺傳分析顯示在該族群中花青素色素累積的遺傳由單一基因控制。結果指出綠色等位基因對紫紅色等位基因為顯性，且V31為異質結合。由PgMYB1啟動子區設計的專一性引子所擴增的條帶在28個番石榴基因型中有很高的多型性。該引子對可作為品種鑑定的標記。

In order to understand the genetics and expression of anthocyanin pigmentation in guava, a green-leaf, green-exocarp, and pink-fleshed line V31 and its purple selfed progeny V31(x)-1 were compared. V31(x)-1 had the highest anthocyanin content at small fruit stage, but its anthocyanin content gradually decreased as the fruit developed. Anthocyanin was not detected in V31 at all developmental stages of the fruit. Among 93 R2R3 MYBs genes selected from the ‘Jen-Ju Ba’ genomic database, five guava PgMYBs were grouped into the same cluster as Arabidopsis MYB genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and were named PgMYB1 to PgMYB5. R2R3 domains in guava PgMYB1 and many anthocyanin biosynthesis-controlled MYBs from other fruits exhibit high amino acid similarity. When compared with that of ‘Jen-Ju Ba’, the GA repeat number in the PgMYB1 promoter region of V31(x)-1 is larger by 31 repeats. Among the five PgMYBs, the expression of PgMYB1 in V31(x)-1 fruit flesh by qPCR analysis was consistent with the expression pattern of anthocyanin. The expressions of PgCHS, PgCHI, PgF3H and PgDFR in earlier anthocyanin biosynthesis were also concordant with anthocyanin content in general. However, the expressions of PgMYBs and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in V31 were not correlated with the anthocyanin content of fruit. Genetic analysis in V31 selfed lines and their derived progeny has revealed that inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation in this population is controlled by one single gene. The result indicated that the green allele is dominant to the purple allele and V31 is heterozygous. Fragments amplified by the specific primers designed from PgMYB1 promoter region showed high polymorphism in 28 guava genotypes. This primer pair can be used as a marker for cultivar identification.

目錄
頁次
摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 IV
圖表目錄 VI
壹、前言 1
貳、前人研究 2
一、臺灣番石榴的品種演進與產業現況 2
二、番石榴植物特性 2
(一)番石榴果實性狀 2
(二)果實的營養成分 3
三、花青素 3
(一)花青素的生合成路徑 3
(二)影響花青素表達的因子 4
四、R2R3 MYB 轉錄因子 7
(一) R2R3 MYB 轉錄因子的特徵 7
(二) R2R3 MYB調控果實花青素的表達 9
(三) MYB與其他轉錄因子的交互作用 10
(四) MYB花青素表現性狀的分子標記 11
五、花青素相關性狀的遺傳 12
參、材料與方法 14
一、植物材料 14
二、總量DNA萃取 14
三、總量RNA萃取 15
四、單股cDNA合成 16
五、番石榴PgMYBs及花青素生合成結構基因篩選 16
(一) PCR產物之膠體純化 16
(二)載體接合作用 17
(三)轉型作用 17
(四)菌落藍白篩與菌落PCR 17
(五)菌液增殖 18
(六)小量抽取質體 18
(七)定序及資料判讀 18
六、MYB基因啟動子序列選殖 19
七、雜交授粉及實生苗培育 19
八、定量聚合酶連鎖反應(quantitative PCR, qPCR) 19
九、番石榴R2R3 MYB親緣樹狀圖繪製 20
十、果肉花青素萃取 20
肆、結果
一、V31自交與雜交後代果實顏色的表現 21
二、V31和V31(x)-1果實的發育及花青素含量的變化 21
三、番石榴PgMYB1之特徵 21
四、PgMYB1與其他花青素相關R2R3 MYBs基因之親緣關係 22
五、番石榴花青素結構基因分析 23
六、V31與V31(x)-1在PgMYB1之差異 23
七、PgMYB1 啟動子選殖 23
八、PgMYB1啟動子區域順式表達元件分析 24
九、V31品系不同雜交組合後代花青素性狀之遺傳 24
十、番石榴R2R3 MYBs之qPCR表達分析 25
十一、果肉花青素生合成結構基因之qPCR表達 26
十二、番石榴PgMYB1啟動子專一性引子對於品種鑑定上的應用 26
伍、討論
一、花青素在番石榴及其他物種果實的表達 51
二、番石榴R2R3 MYBs特性 51
三、番石榴花青素性狀遺傳 52
四、番石榴R2R3 MYBs基因之qPCR分析 53
五、番石榴花青素結構基因之qPCR分析 54
六、 鑑別番石榴基因型分子標記的開發 55
陸、結論 56
柒、參考文獻 57
作者簡介 69

參考文獻
邱輝龍、范明仁 (1998) 花青素與花色之表現。中國園藝 44 : 102–115。
張哲嘉、林宗賢 (1998) 台灣番石榴生產之現況與改進。中國園藝44 : 116–124。
謝鴻業 (2000) ‘珍珠拔’與‘水晶拔’之特性與栽培管理。高雄區農業專訊31 : 16–17。
謝鴻業、黃和炎、鄭安秀 (2001) 番石榴栽培管理。台南區農業改良場技術專刊117 : 90–98。
鄭統隆、施怡如、曾東海、賴永昌、吳明哲 (2008) 甘藷花青素與多酚含量之研究。台灣農業研究57 : 33–48。
陳易徵 (2009) 不同熟度‘珍珠拔’番石榴及‘台農二號’番木瓜果實之抗氧化力。國立臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院園藝學研究所碩士論文。
謝鴻業 (2013) 臺灣番石榴品種的發展趨勢。園藝之友 160 : 11–12。
農委會 (2015) 104年農業統計年報。2017年1月19日，取自 : http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx
Aharoni, A., C. H. De Vos, M. Wein, Z. Sun, R. Greco, A. Kroon, J. N. M. Mol, and A. P. O’Connell (2001) The strawberry FaMYB1 transcription factor suppresses anthocyanin and flavonol accumulation in transgenic tobacco. Plant J. 28 : 319–332.
Allan, A. C., R. P. Hellens, and W. A. Laing (2008) MYB transcription factors that colour our fruit. Plant Sci. 13 : 99–102.
Azuma, A., S. Kobayashi, N. Mitani, M. Shiraishi, M. Yamada, T. Ueno, A. Kono, H. Yakushiji and Y. Koshita (2008) Genomic and genetic analysis of Myb-related genes that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry skin. Theor. Appl. Genet. 117 : 1009–1019.
Bai, S., P. A. Tuan, T. Saito, C. Honda, Y. Hatsuyama, A. Ito, and T. Moriguchi (2016) Epigenetic regulation of MdMYB1 is associated with paper bagging-induced red pigmentation of apples. Planta 244 : 573–586.
Ban, Y., C. Honda, Y. Hatsuyama, M. Igarashi, H. Bessho, and T. Moriguchi (2007) Isolation and functional analysis of a MYB transcription factor gene that is a key regulator for the development of red coloration in apple skin. Plant Cell Physiol. 48 : 958–970.
Barritt, B. H., and J. Einset (1969) The inheritance of three major fruit colors in grapes. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 94 : 87–89
Bashir, H. A. and A. B. A. Abu-Goukh, (2003) Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening. Food Chem. 80 : 557–563.
Bovy, A., R. de Vos, M. Kemper, E. Schijlen, M. Almenar Pertejo, S. Muir, G. Collins, S. Robinson, M. Verhoeyen, S. Hughes, C. Santos-Buelga, and A. van Tuinen (2002) High-flavonol tomatoes resulting from the heterologous expression of the maize transcription factor genes LC and C1. Plant Cell 14 : 2509–2526.
Cao, Z. H., S. Z. Zhang, R. K. Wang, R. F. Zhang, and Y. J. Hao (2013) Genome wide analysis of the apple MYB transcription factor family allows the identification of MdoMYB121 gene confering abiotic stress tolerance in plants. PLoS ONE 8 : e69955.
Castellarin, S. D., G. D. Gaspero, R. Marconi, A. Nonis, E. Peterlunger, S. Paillard, A. F. Adam-Blondon, and R. Testolin (2006) Colour variation in red grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.): genomic organization, expression of flavonoid 3'- hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes and related metabolite profiling of red cyanindin-/blue delphinidinbased anthocyanins in berry skin. BMC Genomics 7 : 1–12.
Chagné, D., K. Lin-Wang, R. K. Volz, N. M. How, S. Rouse, S. Brebdolise, C. M. Carlisle, S. Kumar, N. De Silva, D. Micheletti, T. McGhie, R. N. Crowhurst, R. D. Storey, R. Velasco, R. P. Hellens, S. E. Gardiner, and A. C. Allan (2013) An ancient duplication of apple MYB transcription factors is responsible for novel red fruit-flesh phenotypes. Plant Physiol. 161 : 225–239.
Chen, Y-H., X-Y. Yang, K. He, M-H. Liu, J-G. Li, Z-F. Gao, Z-Q. Lin, Y-F. Zhang, X-X. Wang, X-M. Qiu, Y-P. Shen, L. Zhang, X-H. Deng, J-C. Luo, X-W. Deng, Z-L. Chen, H-G. Gu, and L-J. Qu (2006) The MYB transcription factor superfamily of Arabidopsis: expression analysis and phylogenetic comparison with the rice MYB family. Plant Mol. Biol. 60 : 107–124.
Clark, C. J. and G. S. Smith (1990) Seasonal changes in the composition disturibution and accumulation of mineral nutrients in persimmon fruits. Sci. Hortic. 42 : 99–111.
Corrigan, V. K., P. L. Hurst, and G. Boulton (1997) Sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of ‘Pink Lady’ and other late-season apple cultivars. New Zeal. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 25 : 375–383.
Cultrone, A., P. S. Cotroneo, and G. Reforgiato Recupero (2010) Cloning and molecular characterization of R2R3-MYB and bHLH-MYC transcription factors from Citrus sinensis. Tree Genet. Genomes 6 : 101–112.
de Rezende, F. M. and C. M. Furlan (2009) Anthocyanins and tannins in ozone– fumigated guava trees. Chemosphere 76 : 1445–1450.
Deroles, S. (2009) Anthocyanin biosynthesis in plant cell cultures: A potential source of natural colourants. In: Kevin, G., D. Kevin, and W. Chris (eds) Anthocyanins: Biosynthesis, functions and applications. pp 107-117. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., New York, USA 329 p.
Dixon, R. A., and C. L. Steel (1999) Flavonoids and isoflavonoids-a gold mine for metabolic engineering. Plant Sci. 4: 394–400.
Downs, R. J., H. W. Siegelman, W. L. Butler, and S. B. Hendricks (1965) Photoreceptive pigments for anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. Nature 205 : 909–910.
Dubos, C., R. Stracke, E. Grotewold, B. Weisshaar, C. Martin, and L. Lepiniec (2010) MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci. 15 : 573–581.
Espley, R. V., C. Brendolise, D. Chagne, S. Kutty-Amma, S. Green, R. Volz, J. Putterill, H. J. Schouten, S. E. Gardiner, R. P. Hellens, and A. C. Allan (2009) Multiple repeats of a promoter segment causes transcription factor autoregulation in red apples. Plant Cell 21 : 168–183.
Espley, R. V., R. P. Hellens, J. Putterill, D. E. Stevenson, S. Kutty-Amma, and A. C. Allan (2007) Red colouration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor, MdMYB10. Plant J. 49 : 414–427.
Feller, A., K. Machemer, E. L. Braun, and E. Grotewold (2011) Evolutionary and comparative analysis of MYB and bHLH plant transcription factors. Plant J. 66 : 94–116.
Feng, S., Y. Wang, S. Yang, Y. Xu, and X. Chen (2010) Anthocyanin biosynthesis in pears is regulated by a R2R3-MYB transcription factor PyMYB10. Planta 232 : 245-255.
Flores, G., S-B. Wua, A. Negrin, and E. J. Kennelly (2015) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of seven cultivars of guava (Psidium guajava) fruits. Food Chem. 170 : 327–335.
Gigolashvili, T., B. Berger, H. P. Mock, C. Müller, B. Weisshaar, and U. I. Flügge (2007) The transcription factor HIG1/MYB51 regulates indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 50 : 886–901.
Gigolashvili, T., M. Engqvist, R. Yatusevich, C. Müller, and U. I. Flügge (2008) HAG2/MYB76 and HAG3/MYB29 exert a specific and coordinated control on the regulation of aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol. 177 : 627–642.
Goldy, R. G., E. P. Maness, H. D. Stiles, J. R. Clark, and M. A. Wilson (1989) Pigment quantity and quality characteristics of some native Vitis rotudifolia Michx. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 40 : 253–258.
Gonzali, S., A. Mazzucato and P. Perata (2009) Purple as a tomato: towards high anthocyanin tomatoes. Trends Plant Sci. 14 : 237–241.
Gould, K. S. (2004) Nature’s Swiss army knife: the diverse protective roles of anthocyanins in leaves. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 5 : 314–320.
Grotewold, E. (2006) The genetics and biochemistry of floral pigments. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 57 : 761–780.
Gutierrez, R. M. P., S. Mitchell, and R.V. Solis (2008) Psidium guajava: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 117 : 1–27.
Hao, W., R. Arora, A. K. Yadav, and N. Joshee (2009) Freezing tolerance and cold acclimation in guava (Psidium guajava L.). HortScience 44 : 1258–1266.
Heim, M. A., M. Jakoby, M. Werber, C. Martin, B. Weisshaar, and P. C. Bailey (2003) The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family in plants: a genome-wide study of protein structure and functional diversity. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 : 735–747.
Hichri, I., L. Deluc, F. Barrieu, J. Bogs, A. Mahjoub, F. Regad, B. Gallois, T. Granier, C. Trossat-Magnin, E. Gomès, and V. Lauvergeat (2011) A single amino acid change within the R2 domain of the VvMYB5b transcription factor modulates affinity for protein partners and target promoters selectivity. BMC Plant Biol. 11 : 117.
Holton, T. A. and E. C. Cornish (1995) Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7 : 1071–1083.
Jaeger, S. R., and F. R. Harker (2005) Consumer evaluation of novel kiwifruit: willingness-to-pay. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85 : 2519–2526.
Jin, H., and C. Martin (1999) Multifunctionality and diversity within the plant MYB-gene family. Plant Mol. Biol. 41 : 577–585.
Jones, C. M., P. Mes, and J. R. Myers (2003) Characterization and inheritance of the Anthocyanin fruit (Aft) tomato. J. Hered. 94 : 449–456.
Kitts, D. D. (1997) An evaluation of the multiple effects of the antioxidant vitamins. Trend Food Sci. Technol. 8 : 198–203.
Klempnauer, K. H., C. Bonifer, and A. E. Sippel (1986) Identification and characterization of the protein encoded by the human c-myb proto-oncogene. EMBO J. 5 : 1903–1911.
Klempnauer, K. H., T. J. Gonda, and J. M. Bishop (1982) Nucleotide sequence of the retroviral leukemia gene V-myb and its cellular progenitor c-myb: the architecture of a transduced oncogene. Cell 31 : 453–463.
Kobayashi, S., M. Ishimaru, C. K. Ding, H. Yakushiji, and N. Goto (2001) Comparison of UDP-glucose: Flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) gene sequences between white grapes (Vitis vinifera) and their sports with red skin. Plant Sci. 160 : 543–550.
Koes, R., C.W. Verweij, and F. Quattrocchio (2005) Flavonoids: A colorful model for the regulation and evolution of biochemical pathways. Plant Sci. 5 : 236–242.
Kohli, D. K., and A. K. Bachhawat (2003) CLOURE: Clustal Output Reformatter, a program for reformatting ClustalX/ClustalW outputs for SNP analysis and molecular systematics. Nucleic Acids Res. 31 : 3501–3502.
Kotepong, P., S. Ketsa, and W. G. van Doorn (2011) A white mutant of Malay apple fruit (Syzygium malaccense) lacks transcript expression and activity for the last enzyme of anthocyanin synthesis, and the normal expression of a MYB transcription factor. Funct. Plant Biol. 38 : 75–86.
Li, W., Y. Liu, S. Zeng, G. Xiao, G. Wang, Y. Wang, M. Peng, and H. Huang (2015) Gene expression profiling of development and anthocyanin accumulation in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) based on transcriptome sequencing. PLoS ONE 10 : e0136439.
Liang, Z., C. Yang, J. Yang, B. Wu, L. Wang, J. Cheng, and S. Li (2009) Inheritance of anthocyanins in berries of Vitis vinifera grapes. Euphytica 167 : 113–125.
Liang, Z., M. Sang, B. H. Wu, A. Ma, S. Zhao, G. Y. Zhong, and S. Li (2012) Inheritance of anthocyanin content in the ripe berries of a tetraploid × diploid grape cross population. Euphytica 186 : 343–356.
Lin-Wang, K., K. Bolitho, K. Grafton, A. Kortstee, S. Karunairetnam, T. K. McGhie, R. V. Espley, R. P. Hellens, and A. C. Allan (2010) An R2R3 MYB transcription factor associated with regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Rosaceae. BMC Plant Biol. 10 : 50.
Liu, J., A. Osbourn, and P. Ma (2015) MYB transcription factors as regulators of phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants. Mol. Plant 8 : 689–708.
Liu, X., C. Feng, M. Zhang, X. Yin, C. Xu, and K. Chen (2013a) The MrWD40-1 gene of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) interacts with MYB and bHLH to enhance anthocyanin accumulation. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 31 : 1474–1484.
Liu, X.-F., X.-R. Yin, A. C. Allan, K. Lin-Wang, Y.-N. Shi, Y.-J. Huang, I. B. Ferguson, C.-J. Xu, and K.-S. Chen (2013b) The role of MrbHLH1 and MrMYB1 in regulating anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in tobacco and Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) during anthocyanin biosynthesis. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 115 : 285–298.
Liu, Y., F. Che, L. Wang, R. Meng, X. Zhang, and Z. Zhao (2013c) Fruit coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis after bag removal in non-red and red apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Molecules 18 : 1549–1563.
Luo, S., and P. He (2004) The inheritances of fruit skin and must colors in a series of interspecific and intraspecific crosses between V. vinifera and the wild grape species native to China. Sci. Hortic. 99 : 29–40.
Matus, J. T., F. Aquea, and P. Arce-Johnson (2008) Analysis of the grape MYB R2R3 subfamily reveals expanded wine quality-related clades and conserved gene structure organization across Vitis and
Arabidopsis genomes. BMC Plant Biol. 8 : 83.
Meng, R., J. Zhang, L. An, B. Zhang, X. Jiang, Y. Yang, and Z. Zhao (2016) Expression profiling of several gene families involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Skin during fruit development. J. Plant Growth Regul. 35 : 449–464.
Niu, S-S., C-J. Xu, W-S. Zhang, B. Zhang, X. Li, K. Lin-Wang, I.B. Ferguson, A.C. Allan and K.S. Chen (2010) Coordinated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) fruit by a R2R3 MYB transcription factor. Planta 231 : 887–899.
Ouyang, Y., X. Huang, Z. Lu, and J. Yao (2012) Genomic survey, expression profile and co-expression network analysis of OsWD40 family in rice. BMC Genomics 13 : 100.
Palapol, Y., S. Ketsa, K. Lin-Wang, I.B. Ferguson and A.C. Allan. (2009) A MYB transcription factor regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit during ripening. Planta 229 : 1323–1334.
Passeri, V., R. Koes, and F. M. Quattrocchio (2016) New Challenges for the design of high value plant products: Stabilization of anthocyanins in plant vacuoles. Frontiers Plant Sci. 7 : 153.
Patthamakanokporn, O., P. Puwastein, A. P. Nitithamyong, and P. Sirichakwal (2008) Changes of antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds during storage of selected fruits. J. Food Compos. Anal. 21 : 241–248.
Paz-Ares, J., D. Ghosal, U. Wienand, P. A.Petersont, and H. Saedler (1987) The regulatory cl locus of Zea mays encodes a protein with homology to myb proto-oncogene products and with structural similarities to transcriptional activators. EMBO J. 6 : 3553–3558.
Petroni, K., and C. Tonelli (2011) Recent advances on the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in reproductive organs. Plant Sci. 181 : 219–229.
Rahim, M. A., N. Busatto, and L. Trainotti (2014) Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruits. Planta 240 : 913–929.
Reay, P. F. (1999) The role of low temperatures in the development of the red blush on apple fruit (‘Granny Smith’). Sci. Hortic. 79 : 113–119.
Ren, L., Z. Hu, Y. Li, B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Tu, and G. Chen (2014) Heterologous expression of BoPAP1 in tomato induces stamen specific anthocyanin accumulation and enhances tolerance to a long-term low temperature stress. J. Plant Growth Regul. 33 : 757–768.
Reyes, M. U. and R. E. Paull (1995) Effect of storage temperatures and ethylene treatment on guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit ripening. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 6 : 357–365.
Rice-Evans, C. A., N. J. Miller, and G. Paganga (1996) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20 : 933–956.
Saghai-Maooof, M. A., K. M. Soliman, R. A. Jorgenson, and R. W. Allard (1984) Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance chromosomal location and population dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 : 8014-8018.
Schaart, J. G., C. Dubos, I. Romero De La Fuente, A. M. Houwelingen, R. C. Vos, H. H. Jonker, W. Xu, J. M. Routaboul, L. Lepiniec, and A. G. Bovy (2013) Identification and characterization of MYB-bHLH-WD40 regulatory complexes controlling proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruits. New Phytol. 197 : 454–467.
Selvaraj, D., S. Sherif, M. S. Pak Dek, and G. Paliyath (2016) Identification and characterization of genes involved in the fruit color development of European plum. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 141 : 467–474.
Shen, X. J., K. Zhao, L. L. Liu, K. C. Zhang, H. Z. Huazhao Yuan, X. Liao, Q. Wang, X. W. Xinwei Guo, F. Li, and T. H. Li (2014) A role for PacMYBA in ABA-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-colored sweet cherry cv. Hong Deng (Prunus avium L.). Plant Cell Physiol. 55 : 862–880.
Shimazaki, M., K. Fujita, H. Kobayashi and S. Suzuki. (2011) Pink-colored grape berry is the result of short insertion in intron of color regulatory gene. PLoS ONE 6 : e21308.
Shinomiya, R., H. Fujishima, K. Muramoto, and M. Shiraishi (2015) Impact of temperature and sunlight on the skin coloration of the ‘Kyoho’ table grape. Sci. Hortic. 193 : 77–83.
Stommel, J. R., and R. J. Griesbach (2008) Inheritance of fruit, foliar and plant habit attributes in Capsicum L. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133 : 396–407.
Stracke, R., H. Ishihara, G. H. A. Barsch, F. Mehrtens, K. Niehaus, and B. Weisshaar (2007) Differential regulation of closely related R2R3-MYB transcription factors controls flavonol accumulation in different parts of the Arabidopsis thaliana seedling. Plant J. 50 : 660–677.
Stracke, R., M. Werber, and B. Weisshaar (2001) The R2R3-MYB gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4 : 447–456.
Takos, A. M., F. W. Jaffe´, S. R. Jacob, J. Bogs, S. P. Robinson, and A. R. Walker (2006) Light-induced expression of a MYB gene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples. Plant Physiol. 14 : 1216–1232.
Tamura, K., G. Stecher, D. Peterson, A. Filipski, and S. Kumar (2013) MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30 : 2725–2729.
Tedesco, I., G. Luigi Russo, F. Nazzaro, M. Russo, and R. Palumbo (2001) Antioxidant effect of red wine anthocyanins in normal and catalase- inactive human erythrocytes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 12 : 505–511.
Teng, S., J. Keurentjes, L. Bentsink, M. Koornneef, and S. Smeekens (2005) Sucrose-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis requires the MYB75/PAP1 gene. Planta 139 : 1840–1852.
Tuan, P. A., S. Bai, H. Yaegaki, T. Tamura, S. Hihara, T. Moriguchi and K. Oda (2015) The crucial role of PpMYB10.1 in anthocyanin accumulation in peach and relationships between its allelic type and skin color phenotype. BMC Plant Biol. 15 : 280.
Ubi, B. E. (2004) The genetics of anthocyanin reddening in apple fruit skin. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2 : 163–165.
Umemura, H., S. Otagaki, M. Wada, S. Kondo, and S. Matsumoto (2013) Expression and functional analysis of a novel MYB gene, MdMYB110a-JP, responsible for red flesh, not skin color in apple fruit. Planta 238 : 65–76.
Walker, A. R., E. Lee, J. Bogs, D. A. J. McDavid, M. R. Thomas, and S. P. Robinson, (2007) White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes. Plant J. 49 : 772–785.
Wang, K. L., D. Micheletti, J. Palmer, R. Volz, L. Lozano, R. Espley, R. P. Hellens, D. Chagnè, D. D. Rowan, and M. Troggio (2011) High temperature reduces apple fruit color via modulation of the anthocyanin regulatory complex. Plant Cell Environ. 34 : 1176–1190.
Wei, Y.-Z., F.-C. Hu, G.-B. Hu, X.-J. Li, X.-M. Huang, and H.-C. Wang (2011) Differential expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in relation to anthocyanin accumulation in the pericarp of Litchi Chinensis Sonn. PLoS ONE 6 : e19455.
Werner, D. J., M. A. Creller, and J. X. Chaparro (1998) Inheritance of the blood-flesh trait in peach. HortScience 33 : 1243–1246.
Würdig, J., H. Flachowsky, M. Höfer, A. Peil, M. A. M. S. Eldin Ali, and M. V. Hanke (2014) Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the German Malus germplasm collection in terms of type 1 and type 2 red-fleshed apples. Gene 544 : 198–207.
Yang, F., Jing. Cai, Y. Yang, and Z. Liu (2013) Overexpression of microRNA828 reduces anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 115 : 159–167.
Yuan, K., C. Wang, J. Wang, L. Xin, G. Zhou, L. Li, and G. Shen (2014) Analysis of the MdMYB1 gene sequence and development of new molecular markers related to apple skin color and fruit-bearing traits. Mol. Genet. Genomics 289 : 1257–1265.
Zhang, W.-S., X. Li, J.-T. Zheng, G.-Y. Wang, C.-D. Sun, I.-B. Ferguson, and K.-S. Chen (2008) Bioactive components and antioxidant capacity of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. and Zucc.) fruit in relation to fruit maturity and postharvest storage. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 227 : 1091–1097.
Zhang, Y., E. Butelli, R. D. Stefano, H-J. Schoonbeek, A. Magusin, C. Pagliarani, N. Wellner, L. Hill, D. Orzaez, A. Granell, J. D. G. Jones, and C. Martin (2013) Anthocyanins double the shelf life of tomatoes by delaying overripening and reducing susceptibility to gray mold. Curr. Biol. 23 : 1094–1100.