隨著全球氣候極端的變化，傳統的露天栽培模式對於農產品的提供越來越不穩定，風險隨之增高，所以設施園藝、植物工廠逐漸受到重視，主要原因是搭配人工光源與無土栽培技術可以克服許多自然環境不確定的因素。本論文希望藉由感測器以及影像辨識，了解在生長週期中植物與營養液兩者的變化，並比較不同LED光源以及養液濃度對萵苣生長的影響。使用香波綠火焰萵苣作為實驗對象，在兩種LED光源下種植，並在定植期使用不同的養液濃度與有無控制pH值條件，交互比較不同的LED光源(DPN、DMP)與養液條件對萵苣生長之影響。
從實驗中發現，營養液pH值前兩天會有上升的趨勢，之後開始逐漸下降，到中後期的時候會發生轉變而逐漸升高。EC則是在三次實驗中都沒有明顯的變化。
比較種植結果發現，DPN燈具組都比DMP燈具組有更高的地上部鮮重，但是卻也都有更高的硝酸鹽含量，而兩種光源對於葉片SPAD值並沒有顯著的影響。兩種養液濃度對於植株地上部鮮重、乾重、硝酸鹽含量都無顯著的影響。有控制pH組的SPAD值顯著高於無控制pH組，推測為其吸收氮素效率較高，但就香波綠火焰萵苣而言，其對於pH值的耐受性較高，在pH4~7之間都可以正常生長，以經濟角度來看對於pH調控並不需要太頻繁。
植株的葉投影面積會以二次曲線的方式成長，在中後期會顯著的上升，在量產時可以藉由此參數預測與判斷植株的生長情況，而未來的研究目標也可以放在如何讓植物生長轉捩點提前，進而縮短培養時間，增加經濟效益。

With the extreme change of the global climate, the traditional open field cultivation models become more and more unstable for the supplement of agricultural products. The risk is higher than earlier stage, so agriculture policy gradually paid more attention on protected agriculture system and plant factory. The major reason is that artificial light sources and soilless cultivation techniques can overcome many uncertainties for plant growth in the natural environment. In this thesis, we hope to understand the relationship between changes of plant organs and nutrient solution in the growth cycle by installed several sensors and image recognition device. Some discussions are based on comparing the effects of different LED light sources and nutrient concentration on lettuce growth. Lettuce was used as the experimental subject and planted under two different LED light sources. The effect of different nutrient concentrations and pH values with/without controlled during the growth period are also studied. The effects of different LED light sources (DPN, DMP) and nutrient solution on lettuce growth were compared from biomass measurements.
From the experimental results, we found that the pH value of nutrient solution rose in the first two days, decreased gradually, and finally the pH value rose gradually in the late stage. The results also showed that the lettuces grew under the DPN lamps had higher aboveground fresh weight than the lettuces grew under the DMP lamps, but they also had higher nitrate content. The two light sources had less significant influence on the SPAD value of the leaves. The two concentration of plant liquid had no significant influence on the fresh weight, dry weight and nitrate content. The SPAD values in the cases of controlled pH group were significantly higher than those in the uncontrolled pH group, suggesting that the nitrogen uptake rate was higher. The Lettuce can grow normally between pH4~7. In economic terms, pH regulation does not need to be very frequent in present hydroponic system.
The measured leaf projected area of the plant with respect to the time exhibited a second-order curve. A significantly enlargement in the leaf area can be observed in the later stage. For mass production management, the measured plant growth curve can be used to predict the post-harvesting time and the lettuce status can be judged by the tested parameters. For he future, the research goals can should be focused on how to shorten the growth time of plants with more techniques in the hydroponic system.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
謝誌 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
符號索引 XII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 1
1.3 論文架構 1
第二章 文獻探討 3
2.1 設施農業 3
2.2 設施農業種類 3
2.3 國內外植物工廠發展現況 4
2.4 小型自動化控制系統與栽培箱 5
2.5 LED特點與發光原理 6
2.6 光對植物的影響 6
2.6.1 光質對植物的影響 7
2.6.2 光強度對植物的影響 8
2.6.3 光週期對植物的影響 8
2.7 無土栽培 9
2.8 水培栽培方式 10
2.9 營養液的組成與濃度 10
2.10 營養液的PH值 12
2.11 硝酸鹽 13
2.12 葉綠素含量指數(SPAD) 14
第三章 材料與方法 15
3.1 實驗材料 15
3.2 光源選擇 15
3.3 儀器與設備 19
3.4 實驗方法 24
3.4.1 育苗 24
3.4.2 定植 24
3.5 量測方法 26
3.5.1 數據量測 26
3.5.2 葉面積 27
3.5.3 硝酸鹽含量量測 27
3.5.4 葉綠素含量(SPAD)量測 28
3.6 資料整理與分析 28
第四章 結果與討論 29
4.1 營養液PH值的變化 29
4.2 營養液EC值的變化 31
4.3 不同LED光源對萵苣生長之影響 33
4.4 不同LED光源對萵苣葉面積之影響 34
4.5 不同養液濃度對萵苣生長之影響 38
第五章 結論與建議 39
5.1 結論 39
5.2 建議 39
參考文獻 41
作者簡介 48

[1] 余锡寿 and 刘跃萍, "植物工厂中影响植物品质的因素及其控制," 农业展望, no. 5, pp. 52-55, 2014.
[2] 余锡寿 and 刘跃萍, "中国植物工厂产业发展现状及展望," 农业展望, no. 12, pp. 50-55, 2014.
[3] 謝坤男, "LED植物生長燈之研究," 碩士論文, 光電與材料科技研究所在職專班, 國立虎尾科技大學, 2014.
[4] 粟安琪, "植物工廠創業初期評估準則之研究," 學程學位論文, 管理學院經營管理學程, 國立交通大學, 2010.
[5] C.-G. Yoon and H.-K. Choi, "A study on the various light source radiation conditions and use of LED illumination for plant factory," Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 14-22, 2011.
[6] 陳世銘 et al., "台灣植物工廠現況與發展策略之分析," 農業機械學刊, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 95-106, 2011.
[7] 崔世钢, 董江磊, 梁帆, 吴兴利, and 田立国, "基于家庭物联网 Android 平台的智能植物生长柜监控系统设计," 中国农机化学报, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 110-113, 2015.
[8] 蔡循恒, 姜庭隆, 張旭銘, and 吳明松, "植物生長箱環境分析與控制," 機械技師學刊, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 60-65, 2013.
[9] 吳俊寬, "高性能環控箱之研發," 碩士論文, 機械工程學研究所, 國立臺灣大學, 2005.
[10] 张敏, 刘宝林, and 宋晓燕, "植物生长箱内气流组织的数值模拟及优化方案," 农业装备与车辆工程, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 29-36, 2016.
[11] 卫萌, "基于人机工程的家用植物生长箱的造型设计研究," 碩士論文, 郑州大学, 2012.
[12] H. Shimizu, Y. Saito, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, and K. Ohdoi, "Light environment optimization for lettuce growth in plant factory," IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 605-609, 2011.
[13] 王海鸥 and 李广安, "认识照明 LED," 中国照明电器, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 1-3, 2004.
[14] 路秋生, "LED照明与应用," 燈與照明, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 24-28, 2009.
[15] K. Murakami and R. Matsuda, "Optical and Physiological Properties of a Leaf," in LED Lighting for Urban Agriculture: Springer, 2016, pp. 113-123.
[16] D. M. Gates, H. J. Keegan, J. C. Schleter, and V. R. Weidner, "Spectral properties of plants," Applied optics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11-20, 1965.
[17] 刘文科, 杨其长, and 魏灵玲, LED 光源及其设施园艺应用 (北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社). 2012.
[18] 陈娴, "不同 LED 光源对韭菜生理特性及品质的影响," 碩士論文, 山东农业大学, 2012.
[19] 杨立超, "不同光谱能量分布对荆芥生长的影响," 碩士論文, 南京农业大学, 2014.
[20] 王慧媛, "環境控制下波士頓萵苣兩階段立體化栽培模式之探討," 碩士論文, 生物產業機電工程學研究所, 國立台灣大學, 2010.
[21] N. C. Yorio, G. D. Goins, H. R. Kagie, R. M. Wheeler, and J. C. Sager, "Improving spinach, radish, and lettuce growth under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with blue light supplementation," HortScience, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 380-383, 2001.
[22] 方晶, "光强对温室黄瓜植株形态和光合特性的影响," 安徽农业科学, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 5047-5048, 2011.
[23] 洪明谷, "人工光源對甘藍 ‘和風’, 結球白菜 ‘瑞喜’穴盤苗及水耕小白菜 ‘台農一號’生長及品質之影響," 碩士論文, 園藝學系, 國立中興大學, 2012.
[24] 刘庆, "不同光周期及光质对草莓生理特性及品质的影响," 碩士論文, 山东农业大学, 2015.
[25] J. H. Kang, S. KrishnaKumar, S. L. S. Atulba, B. R. Jeong, and S. J. Hwang, "Light intensity and photoperiod influence the growth and development of hydroponically grown leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system," Hort. Environ. Biotechnol, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 501-509, 2013.
[26] 鲍顺淑, "密闭式植物工厂中药用铁皮石斛组培生产的适宜光照环境," 博士论文, 中国农业大学, 2007.
[27] 張致豪, "LED 光照對藥用植物生長之影響—以金線蓮為例," 碩士論文, 電子工程學系, 義守大學, 2014.
[28] 王智杰, "LED 光质对金线莲组培苗形态及生理特征的影响," 碩士論文, 福建农林大学, 2015.
[29] 洪丽, "室内无土栽培樱桃番茄农艺性状的比较研究," 碩士論文, 东北农业大学, 2002.
[30] 袁宇含, 南哲佑, 朴光一, 闫海洋, 郎红, and 金荣德, "有机生态型无土栽培技术及展望," 东北农业科学, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 61-64, 2017.
[31] 李国景 and 徐召忠, "我国现阶段发展蔬菜无土栽培的探讨," 长江蔬菜, vol. 4, pp. 1-4, 1997.
[32] 季延海, "韭菜营养液栽培的关键技术," 碩士論文, 南京农业大学, 2014.
[33] 沈家洛, "营养液管理方式和氮素形态对 NFT 栽培生菜生长和烧边发生的影响," 碩士論文, 南京农业大学, 2012.
[34] 陈源, "日光温室DFT系统的改进及其对生菜生长发育的影响," 碩士論文, 中国农业大学, 2006.
[35] T. Kozai, G. Niu, and M. Takagaki, Plant factory: an indoor vertical farming system for efficient quality food production. Academic Press, 2015.
[36] 齐敬伟, "人工光源条件下营养液条件对水培生菜生长的影响," 碩士論文, 河北农业大学, 2015.
[37] 王平魁, "植物工厂化生产NFT系统中营养液调控对生菜生长的影响," 碩士論文, 河北工程大学, 2016.
[38] 李禾子, "人工光源和营养液对黄瓜生长发育及品质的影响," 碩士論文, 西北农林科技大学, 2015.
[39] 郭会平, "不同营养液配方对青蒜苗生理特性及品质的影响," 碩士論文, 山东农业大学, 2015.
[40] 苏苑君, "水培生菜营养液最佳配比与品质调控试验研究," 碩士論文, 西北农林科技大学, 2016.
[41] 洪國豐, "立體化水耕營養液自主循環與調配系統之研究與實現," 碩士論文, 生物機電工程系, 國立屏東科技大學, 2015.
[42] 谢新太, "不同配方营养液对水培空心菜的影响," 碩士論文, 贵州师范大学, 2014.
[43] 李萍萍, "生菜无土栽培的营养液调控技术," 长江蔬菜, no. 4, pp. 34-35, 1999.
[44] 程啸, "娃娃菜无土栽培营养液配方研究," 碩士論文, 河北农业大学, 2013.
[45] 杨芸, "不同小白菜品种硝酸盐积累差异及及光照, 温度和湿度调控机理研究," 碩士論文, 西南大学, 2015.
[46] 陳詩文, "建立低硝酸鹽含量小白菜之栽培管理模式," 博士論文, 園藝學系, 國立中興大學, 2015.
[47] 汤亚芳, "小白菜低硝酸盐积累品种筛选及其生理特征研究," 博士論文, 华中农业大学, 2014.
[48] 周晚来, "采收前短期连续光照降低水培生菜硝酸盐含量的效果研究," 碩士論文, 中国农业科学院, 2011.
[49] A. Mozafar, "Decreasing the NO 3 and increasing the vitamin C contents in spinach by a nitrogen deprivation method," Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum), vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 155-162, 1996.
[50] 李艳, "加工番茄氮素营养快速诊断方法的研究," 碩士論文, 石河子大学, 2007.
[51] 郭鑫 and 张立, "便携式叶绿素含量光电检测仪设计," 电子测量与仪器学报, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 92-96, 2009.
[52] 李利, "基于 SPAD 仪的马铃薯氮素营养诊断," 碩士論文, 内蒙古农业大学, 2011.
[53] 姚付启, "植被叶绿素含量高光谱反演及其环境胁迫响应研究——以落叶阔叶树法国梧桐, 毛白杨为例," 碩士論文, 鲁东大学, 2009.
[54] 邵春绘, 崔红日, 任范哲, and 刘继生, "营养液的 pH 和 EC 对满天星试管苗水培生根的影响," 北方园艺, no. 4, pp. 71-73, 2013.
[55] 杨鑫, 王文娥, 胡笑涛, 李兴杰, and 苏苑君, "沼液浓度对水培生菜营养液特性及产量, 品质的影响," 中国沼气, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 110-114, 2016.
[56] 洪坚平, 谢英荷, 孟会生, and 张璐, "水培油菜营养液养分动态变化研究," 中国农学通报, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 330-334, 2008.
[57] 刘文科, 余意, 赵姣姣, and 杨其长, "紫外辐射对 3 种叶色生菜生长及营养品质的影响," 科技导报, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 36-40, 2014.
[58] 王化楠, "UV-B 辐射及氮水平增加对长春花表型和生理代谢影响的研究," 碩士論文, 东北林业大学, 2010.
[59] 侯扶江 and 贲桂英, "紫外线-B 辐射对植物的影响研究进展," 植物学报, no. 4, pp. 19-24, 1997.
[60] 陈岚, 吴震, 蒋芳玲, 徐磊, and 王加倩, "紫外线-B 照射对小白菜生长, 产量及品质的影响," 植物资源与环境学报, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 43-47, 2008.
[61] Y.-C. Um, S. S. Oh, J. G. Lee, S. Y. Kim, and Y. A. Jang, "The development of container-type plant factory and growth of leafy vegetables as affected by different light sources," Journal of Bio-Environment Control, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 333-342, 2010.
[62] 朱怀卫, 娄运生, 石一凡, 张祎玮, and 肇思迪, "UV-B 增强下施硅对水稻冠层反射光谱特征的影响," 中国农业气象, vol. 38, no. 03, pp. 172-180, 2017.
[63] M. K. Cha, J.-S. Kim, and Y. Y. Cho, "Growth response of lettuce to various levels of EC and light intensity in plant factory," Journal of Bio-Environment Control, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 305-311, 2012.