DNAPL主要以兩種型態自由相及殘留相等存留於地下環境中。利用界面活性劑的特性來改變污染物傳輸的兩種機制為增溶作用和移動作用移除DNAPL。本研究主要目的為模擬地下水層之淋洗情形，實驗主軸分成兩大部分。首先選擇以哪種種類及濃度界面活性劑在水-土壤系統中溶解效果佳且又省成本作為後續研究。其次找尋移除Tar oil溶解效果之因子(如:時間效應、溫度等)。來獲得土壤淋洗技術溶解污染物之最佳效益。
　　TX-100比SDS能在土壤中能溶解更多TPH，因此本研究選擇TX-100當此試驗之淋洗液。土壤淋洗試驗結果考慮對於四種濃度之摻配土壤依平均之溶解效率且經濟可行之濃度，故以2% TX-100進行後續之時間效應試驗。而後續時間效應結果顯示水溶液中TX-100量越多，亦即所溶解的Tar oil量也高。換句話說溶液中所測得TX-100含量就代表著微胞有與Tar oil相互作用。
　　溫度效應結果顯示低濃度土壤部分3%及5% TX-100溶解效果相近(相差約 2000~4000 mg/kg )，至於高濃度土壤部分5% TX-100溶解效果最佳，隨溫度增加較室溫增加近1倍(濃度從17866提升至30178 mg/kg)。土壤淋洗之溫度效應試驗證實，若高O/W(高油水比)時適合用5% TX-100溶解，經多次溶解而降至低O/W(低油水比)時，再以2%或3% TX-100溶解剩下的Tar oil。時間效應之溫度試驗裡四種Tar oil濃度之污染土壤的溶解效率中，在30、45℃時最佳溶解效率依序為20485>10055>31611>88598 mg/kg之污染土壤，但在60℃時最佳溶解效率順序卻變為88598>31611>20485>10055 mg/kg之污染土壤。
　　不論是震盪或浸泡試驗本研究都可以發現溫度的提升有效的增加了溶解的效果，溫度試驗的結果相同都是以10055、20485 mg/kg之Tar oil土壤溶解效果較31611、88598 mg/kg佳。以上結果表示，TX-100溶解效率雖然會隨著溫度與Tar oil濃度提升而提升，但是當土壤中含高濃度Tar oil時，DNPAL相會使TX-100與油之作用機制由溶解(Winsor I)轉換成移動(Winsor II)。當界面活性劑微胞分散在油中，改變Tar oil移動性。故在現地淋洗土壤中，不論是高濃度或是低濃度地區，皆可增加污染物的移動性及溶解性，進而溶解大量Tar oil。

The dense non aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) mainly exists in free and/or residual forms in the underground environment. Surfactants can increase DNAPL mobility or solubility. Cost or time benefit is important for the design and operation of surfactant flushing. The main purpose of this work is to simulate surfactant flushing in lab-scale batch soil systems. The experiments include two major parts. Two surfactants, TX-100 and SDS, were compared. First, the Tar oil removal efficiencies at different surfactant concentrations were tested. Because the results show that both surfactants can remove Tar oil DNAPL in the tested soil by the mobilization and dissolution mechanisms. However, TX-100 is more efficient than SDS in dissolving Tar oil. Therefore, the second portion of test focuses on the enhancement of Tar oil by TX-100 from the soil containing 4 TPH-spiked concentrations.
The mixing and no-mixing systems were conducted to evaluate the impact of poor contacts in the subsurface between surfactants and the DNAPL on tar oil removal. In addition, the influence of flushing temperature and the contact time between 2% TX-100 and Tar oil was tested to enhance the dissolution efficiency.
The results indicate that at room temperature, the best TX-100 concentration for tar oil dissolution is 2%. In the temperature experiment, the dissolution efficiencies of Tar oil by 3% and 5% TX-100 are similar for the soil of low TPH contents. For the soil of high TPH concentrations, 5% TX-100 obtains better dissolution efficiencies. The tar oil dissolution was enhanced form 17866 to 30178 mg/kg for high TPH soil when increasing the flushing temperature. At flushing temperature of 30 and 45℃¸ the dissolution efficiencies varies with the initial soil TPH concentration: 20485>10055>31611>88598 mg TPH/kg soil. At flushing temperature of 60℃¸ the dissolution efficiencies are: 88598>31611>20485>10055 mg TPH/kg soil. Similar temperature effects are found in both mixing and no-mixing systems. Thus, it is suggested that for the plume of high Tar oil DNAPL, TX-100 concentration of 5% is applied and then, reduced to 2~3% when the soil TPH concentration was decreased.
In inclusion, increased flushing temperature can enhance the dissolution of Tar DNAPL by TX-100 (Winsor I). Nevertheless, the major removal mechanism for soils of high TPH contents by 2% TX-100 is still mobilization (Winsor II).

摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
第1章　前言 1
1.1　研究起緣 1
1.2　研究目的 3
1.3　預期效益 3
第2章　文獻回顧 4
2.1　TPH對土壤與地下水造成之污染 4
2.1.1　油品概況 4
2.1.2　SEAR整治方法相關研究及介紹 6
2.1.3　界面活性劑應用案例之介紹 8
2.2　界面活性劑之介紹 20
2.2.1　界面活性劑基本性質及結構 20
2.2.2　界面活性劑種類 21
2.2.3　界面活性劑對與油品之作用 23
2.3　影響效果之因素 24
第3章　實驗材料與方法 26
3.1　實驗材料與設備 26
3.1.1　污染物 26
3.1.2 界面活性劑 26
3.1.3　供試土壤 27
3.2　實驗架構與流程 28
3.3　實驗方法 29
3.3.1　淋洗濃度對土壤中不同濃度Tar oil之溶解效果(批次試驗) 29
3.3.2　時間效應試驗(批次試驗) 29
3.3.3　溫度試驗(批次試驗) 30
3.4　萃取與分析測定 30
3.4.1　水樣萃取 30
3.4.2　土樣萃取 31
3.4.3　儀器分析 31
3.4.4　圖譜判斷 32
第4章　結果與討論 33
4.1　淋洗濃度對土壤中不同濃度Tar oil之溶解效果(批次試驗) 33
4.2　時間效應(批次試驗) 36
4.3　溫度效應 40
4.3.1　淋洗濃度對土壤中不同濃度Tar oil之溶解效果(30℃、45℃、60℃) 40
4.3.2　時間效應(30℃、45℃、60℃) 43
第5章　結論 51
參考文獻 53
作者簡介 63

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