臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　本研究以尼泊爾埋葬蟲探討親緣關係同異的兩雌蟲在共享屍體資源的情況下，透過對成蟲、幼蟲個體的親緣辨識能力而行共同撫育的可能性，以及雌蟲在同性的族群密度變化下採行的繁殖策略。
　　於雌蟲在親緣辨識下共同撫育的可能性實驗中，將嘉義縣阿里山公路(A)及高雄市藤枝林道(T)的尼泊爾埋葬蟲F1世代雌蟲兩兩配對，組合出四種親緣關係：I. 競爭雌蟲的親代源自同樣區同樣點同親緣(A vs. A)、II. 競爭雌蟲的親代源自同樣區同樣點異親緣(A vs. A)、III. 競爭雌蟲的親代源自同樣區異樣點異親緣(A vs. A)、IV. 競爭雌蟲的親代源自異樣區異親緣(A vs. T)。雌蟲間的親緣關係會影響競爭、打鬥行為。不論雌蟲間的親緣是親密或疏遠，並不影響幼蟲存活率。雌蟲受傷程度與幼蟲存活率之間無相關性。當競爭雌蟲的親代源自同樣區同樣點異親緣，劣勢雌蟲受傷程度與幼蟲存活率之間呈負相關。
　　於密度對雌蟲繁殖策略的影響實驗中，將尼泊爾埋葬蟲F1世代或F2世代雌蟲自羽化到性熟的期間所遭遇的雌蟲個體數稱為遭遇密度，分成1隻(受試雌蟲本身)或12隻(受試雌蟲與隨機11隻雌蟲)組，自尋獲屍體資源後到獨佔屍體並開始產卵前所遭遇的雌蟲個體數稱為競爭密度，分成1隻(受試雌蟲本身)或8隻(受試雌蟲與隨機7隻雌蟲)或16隻(受試雌蟲與隨機15隻雌蟲)組，依相異的遭遇密度和競爭密度組合出6種受試組。遭遇密度會影響劣勢雌蟲棄巢時間、雌蟲競爭12 h後的透明塑膠飼育盒內劣勢雌蟲駐留率、整體競爭時間下的劣勢雌蟲受傷程度、雌蟲競爭12 h後的透明塑膠飼育盒內劣勢雌蟲受傷程度及子代個體數量、性別比及前胸背板寬度。

　　This study examined the probability of communal breeding in a situation wherein two female beetles with different affinities and with the ability of kin recognition between adults and offspring share a carcass. In addition, the reproductive strategies adopted by the female beetles under a mutative population density of the same gender in Nicrophorus nepalensis were investigated.
　　To study the probability of cooperative breeding in female Nicrophorus nepalensis by kin recognition, two offspring of field female burying beetles captured from Alishan highway (A) in Chiayi and Tenchih Avenue (T) in Kaohsiung were matched randomly in pairs to form four groups on the basis of the origin of the parental generations of the focal beetles: I. same region, same sampling point, and same affinity (A vs. A); II. same region, same sampling point, and different affinities (A vs. A); III. same region, different sampling points, and different affinities (A vs. A); and IV. different regions and different affinities. The results are as follows. Affinity between two focal female beetles affected their competition and fighting behaviors but not the larva survival rate. No correlation was observed between the degree of injury of the female beetle and larva survival rate. When the parental generations of the focal beetles were from the same region, same sampling point, and different affinities, a negative correlation was found between the degree of injury of the inferior female beetle and the larva survival rate.
　　The effect of mutative population density on the reproductive strategies in female Nicrophorus nepalensis was examined using F1- or F2-generation female beetles as the subjects. The number of female beetles encountered by the focal female beetle from eclosion to maturation is called encountered density, and should be divided by 1 (i.e., only the focal female beetle) or 12 (the focal female beetle + 11 other random female beetles in a group). The number of female beetles encountered by the focal female beetle from achieving a carcass to monopolizing it and beginning to oviposit is called competitive density, and should be divided by 1 (i.e., only the focal female beetle), 8 (focal female beetle + 7 other random female beetles) or 16 (focal female beetle + 15 other random female beetles in a group). The encountered density affected the following: the time point at which the nest would be abandoned by the inferior female beetles, stay rate of the inferior female beetles in a plastic transparent breeding box after competing for 12 h, degree of injury of the inferior female beetles during the overall stay, degree of injury of the inferior female beetles in the box after competing for 12 h, and the amount, the gender ratio, and the pronotum width of the offspring.

摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
一、前言 1
二、前人研究 4
1.　埋葬蟲介紹 4
1.1　生態地位 4
1.2　對繁殖資源的偏好 4
1.3　對繁殖資源的適應 4
1.4　對繁殖資源的處理 5
2.　埋葬蟲的繁殖策略 6
2.1　兩性個體的繁殖策略 6
2.2　優勢個體的繁殖策略 7
2.2.1　親養照顧 7
2.2.2　子代數調控 8
2.2.2.1　產卵數調控 8
2.2.2.2　窩幼蟲數調控 8
2.2.2.2.1　對繁殖資源的適應 8
2.2.2.2.2　對族群密度的適應 9
2.2.3　個體辨識 10
2.2.3.1　幼蟲辨識：時間訊號─窗期(window) 10
2.2.3.2　成蟲辨識：氣味化學訊號─費洛蒙和表皮、翅鞘的化學成分 11
2.2.4　共同撫育 11
2.3　劣勢個體的繁殖策略 12
三、材料與方法 13
1.　野外個體採集 13
2.　蟲源處理與飼養 14
3.　供試蟲繁殖 15
4.　實驗項目 16
1.　尼泊爾埋葬蟲雌蟲在親緣辨識下共同撫育的可能性 16
1.1　親緣對雌蟲競爭的影響 17
1.2　親緣與雌蟲競爭對幼蟲存活率之影響 18
2.　密度對尼泊爾埋葬蟲雌蟲繁殖策略的影響 19
2.1　密度對雌蟲競爭行為的影響 19
2.2　親代密度對後代存活、性別及形態的影響 20
5.　統計分析 22
四、結果 26
1.　尼泊爾埋葬蟲雌蟲在親緣辨識下共同撫育的可能性 26
1.1　親緣對雌蟲競爭的影響 26
1.1.1　親緣對雌蟲受傷程度的影響 26
1.1.1.1　不同親緣關係對整體雌蟲受傷程度的影響 26
1.1.1.2　不同親緣關係對優勢雌蟲受傷程度的影響 28
1.1.1.3　不同親緣關係對劣勢雌蟲受傷程度的影響 29
1.1.2　在各親緣關係下優勢與劣勢雌蟲受傷程度的比較 30
1.2　親緣與雌蟲競爭對幼蟲存活率的影響 32
1.2.1　不同親緣關係對幼蟲存活率的影響 32
1.2.2　雌蟲受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 33
1.2.2.1　整體雌蟲受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 33
1.2.2.2　優勢雌蟲受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 34
1.2.2.3　劣勢雌蟲受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 35
1.2.3　雌蟲在不同親緣關係下受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 36
1.2.3.1　整體雌蟲在不同親緣關係下受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 36
1.2.3.2　優勢雌蟲在不同親緣關係下受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 38
1.2.3.3　劣勢雌蟲在不同親緣關係下受傷程度與幼蟲存活率的關係 40
2.　密度對尼泊爾埋葬蟲雌蟲繁殖策略的影響 42
2.1　密度對雌蟲競爭行為的影響 42
2.1.1　密度對劣勢雌蟲棄巢時間的影響 42
2.1.2　密度對劣勢雌蟲逃離行為的影響 44
2.1.2.1　各密度在不同競爭時間長度下劣勢雌蟲的逃離率 44
2.1.2.2　各競爭時間長度在不同密度下劣勢雌蟲的逃離率 47
2.1.2.3　競爭十二小時後在不同密度下劣勢雌蟲的駐留率 50
2.1.2.4　競爭十二小時後密度對雌蟲在鼠屍上存留數量的影響 52
2.1.3　競爭對雌蟲損傷的影響 54
2.1.3.1　不同密度下整體雌蟲的受傷狀況 54
2.1.3.2　不同密度下優勢雌蟲的受傷狀況 55
2.1.3.3　不同密度下劣勢雌蟲的受傷狀況 56
2.1.3.3.1　各密度在不同競爭時間長度下劣勢雌蟲的受傷狀況 57
2.1.3.3.2　各競爭時間長度在不同密度下劣勢雌蟲的受傷狀況 60
2.2　親代密度對後代存活、性別及形態的影響 63
2.2.1　親代密度對後代幼蟲存活的影響 63
2.2.1.1　親代密度對雌蟲繁殖成功的影響 63
2.2.1.2　親代密度對親養照顧品質的影響 65
2.2.1.3　親代密度對幼蟲離巢的影響 66
2.2.2　親代密度對後代幼蟲離巢個體數的影響 67
2.2.3　親代密度對後代成蟲性別的影響 69
2.2.3.1　親代密度對子代性別比的影響 69
2.2.3.2　各親代密度的子代性別差異性 71
2.2.4　親代密度對後代成蟲前胸背板寬度的影響 74
2.2.4.1　親代密度對子代前胸背板寬度的影響 74
2.2.4.2　親代密度對子代雄蟲前胸背板寬度的影響 76
2.2.4.3　親代密度對子代雌蟲前胸背板寬度的影響 78
五、討論 80
1.　尼泊爾埋葬蟲雌蟲在親緣辨識下共同撫育的可能性 80
2.　密度對尼泊爾埋葬蟲雌蟲繁殖策略的影響 84
六、參考文獻 87

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