透翅蛾科為透翅蛾總科中數量及物種多樣性最高的類群，目前全世界已被鑑定命名的透翅蛾科種類約有160屬、1454種和51亞種。透翅蛾科於全球幾乎都有採集記錄，其中以東洋區的多樣性最高。透翅蛾科幼蟲為鑽蛀性，會蛀食寄主植物的樹幹、樹皮、嫩枝、根部和果實等組織，或者在寄主植物的莖和枝條上形成蟲癭，並造成農業和當地植物的危害。透翅蛾科的擬蜂形態特徵使其過去一直受到許多鱗翅目研究者矚目，最近的研究中雖已證實透翅蛾科為一個單系群，但在透翅蛾科中除了少數幾個屬間的親緣關係曾被探討過之外，透翅蛾科內的系統發育關係至今缺乏有系統的分析，對暸解這一多樣性很高的類群的起源、食性演化、生物地理都是很大的障礙。本研究目的為(1)用形態及分子序列之證據來探討透翅蛾科的親緣關係，檢測目前使用的不同亞科及族級分類單元是否為單系群，藉以作出分類上的調整，以及進一步探討成蟲擬蜂特徵起源及幼生期食性演化之問題。(2) 重新修訂處理臺灣產透翅蛾科的分類問題，並記錄幼生期寄主植物、取食特性和雌蟲產卵行為等生物學資料。材料上選取透翅蛾科中75個屬96個物種作為研究內群，以木蠹蛾科、蝶蛾科和短軀蛾科作為外群。本研究共計使用4科84屬105個物種，其中78屬80種使用16個幼蟲、9個蛹、19個成蟲非生殖器、16個雄生殖器與6個雌生殖器外部構造特徵，以最大簡約分析重建形態親緣關係樹；38屬60種使用粒線體DNA COⅠ、COII序列以及核DNA EF-1α、wingless序列資料，以最大或然分析和貝式分析來重建分子親緣關係樹。結果顯示透翅蛾科為單系群，其短軀蛾科為最近的姊妹群；在亞科分類層級中，Sesiinae亞科為單系群，Tinthiinae亞科呈併系群；在族級分類層級中，分子資料支持各族皆為單系群，Sesiinae亞科內各族之間的關係以 ((Melittiini + Sesiini) + (Paranthrenini (Osminiini + Cissuvorini))) + Synanthedonini呈現，形態資料支持Tinthiini、Paraglosseciini、Pennisetiini、Similipepsini、Melittiini、Cissuvorini、Osminiini、Paranthrenini和Synanthedonini族各為單系群。其成蟲擬態蜂類外觀特徵的出現，為類群或物種各自的平行演化。幼生期宿主利用特徵起始階段重建分析顯示，透翅蛾科祖先的幼生期寄主利用形態應為蛀莖性，從蛀莖轉為造癭的演化過程為多次的獨立演化。在臺灣產透翅蛾科的物種分類修訂上，本研究進行1個新組合與5個同物異名處理；臺灣產透翅蛾科物種共計24屬43種，其中包含2個新紀錄屬、8個新種、1新紀錄種，並記錄15種物種的生活史資料。

The Sesiidae (clearwing moths) are the most diverse and numerous moths within the superfamily Sesioidea, with 1454 species (with addition of 51 subspecies) in 160 genera already described worldwide. The family reaches the highest species diversity in the Oriental Region. The larvae of clearwing moths are mostly borers in tree trunk, bark, twig, root, and fruits, and some species are known to induce galls, causing damages to crops in agriculture and trees in forestry. The appearance of wasp/bee-mimicry of clearwing moths in external morphology has been a focus of interest to biologists. Although recent phylogenetic studies on higher classification of Lepidoptera based suggested Sesiidae is a monophyletic group, the infra-family systematic of clearwing moths have not been worked out, forming obstacles on our understanding of their origin, evolution of feeding habits, and biogeography. The aim of the present study focuses on the Sesiidae (1) to examine monophyly and phylogenetic relationship of infra-family taxa (tribes) of clearwing moths, and explore the questions with regard to origin of these wasp/bee-mimicry and feeding habits; (2) to comprehensively revise the Taiwanese fauna and documents host associations and immature biology. In this study, 75 genera and 96 species of Sesiidae ingroup taxa plus Cossidae, Castniidae and Brachodidae as outgroups for phylogenetic reassessment. Totally 4 family 84 genera and 105 species were collected. 78 genera and 80 species intended maximum parsimony analysis of reconstructing morphological phylogeny based on morphological characters from all development stages (19 larva, 9 pupa, 19 adult, 16 male genitalia, 6 female genitalia). 38 genera and 60 species intended maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian inference analysis of reconstructing molecular phylogeny based on COI, COII, EF-1α and wingless combined sequences. The result shows the Sesiidae is a monophyletic group, and Brachodidae as sistergroup. At subfamily level, Sesiinae is a monophyletic group, but Tinthiinae is a paraphyletic group. At tribe level, all tribes were retrieved as monophyletic groups based on molecular data within Sesiinae, the relationship ((Melittiini + Sesiini) + (Paranthrenini (Osminiini + Cissuvorini))) + Synanthedonini. Tribes Tinthiini, Paraglosseciini, Pennisetiini, Similipepsini, Melittiini, Cissuvorini, Osminiini、Paranthrenini and Synanthedonini are all retrieved as monophyletic groups with inter-tribal relationship umresolved based on morphology. The appearance of mimicry of apparent characters of wasp in adults is parallel evolution in groups or species. The host use ASR in larval stage, that the ancestral state of the Family Sesiidae is stem-boring feeding habits. The transformation of stem-boring to gall-making is the results of many independent evolution. In taxonomic accounts, 24 genera and 43 species are recorded in Taiwanese fauna, including 2 newly recorded genera, 8 newly species, 1 newly recorded species, 5 new synonymies and 1 new combination. Host associations and immature biology are documented for 15 species in Taiwan.

目錄
摘要 Ⅰ
目錄 Ⅴ
表目錄 Ⅶ
圖目錄 Ⅷ

前言 1
文獻探討 3
壹、透翅蛾科簡介 3
貳、透翅蛾科的分類問題 4
參、透翅蛾科的系統學研究 5
肆、臺灣產透翅蛾之研究 8
伍、透翅蛾幼生期食性多樣性 9

第一部分：透翅蛾科親緣關係樹建構
壹、材料與方法 11
一、樣本選取 11
二、形態特徵 11
三、分子技術 15
四、親緣關係分析 17
貳、結果 20
一、形態特徵資料分析 20
二、分子序列資料分析 21
三、食性演化分析 23
參、討論 24
一、各分類單群之間的單系性與共衍徵 24
二、分子序列資料特性 25
三、擬蜂形態特徵對透翅蛾科親緣關係樹重建之影響 25
四、透翅蛾幼生期之食性演化 26

第二部分：臺灣產透翅蛾科之分類修訂與生物學研究
壹、材料與方法 55
一、標本來源 55
二、採集方法 56
三、形態觀察 57
四、術語 58
貳、結果與討論 59
一、分類處理 59
二、臺灣產透翅蛾科清單 194
三、生物學研究 196

結論 224
參考文獻 225
附錄 237
學術發表 239

松村松年 (1911) 續日本千蟲圖解：第3卷。警醒社。東京。147頁。
松村松年 (1931) 日本昆蟲大圖鑑。刀江書院。東京。1479頁。
Ahmad M., R. Mishra & J. Ahmad (2001) Insect pest spectrum of poplar in India. Indian Forester. 127(12): 1353-1366.
Areekul B. & D. L. J. Quicke (2006) The use of colour characters in phylogenetic reconstruction. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 88:193-202.
Arita Y. & O. G. Gorbunov (1995) A review of the genus Macrotarsipus Hampson, [1893] (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) of the Oriental region. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 6(2): 103-111.
Arita Y. & O. G. Gorbunov (1998a) A revision of Ferdinand Le Cerf's clearwing moth types (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), kept at the Paris Museum. III. The genus Chamanthedon Le Cerf, 1916 in the Oriental region. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 49(1): 19-29.
Arita Y. & O. G. Gorbunov (1998b) A revision of Embrik Strand's clearwing moth Types (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from Taiwan. Chinese Journal of Entomology. 18(3): 141-165.
Arita Y. & O. G. Gorbunov (2001) Sesiidae of Taiwan. I. The tribes Tinthiini, Similipepsini, Paraglosseciini, Pennisetiini, Paranthrenini and Cissuvorini. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology. 7(2): 131-188.
Arita Y. & O. G. Gorbunov (2002a) A new species of the genus Trichocerota Hampson (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) from Taiwan. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 53(4): 241-244.
Arita Y. & O. G. Gorbunov (2002b) Sesiidae of Taiwan. II. The tribes Osminiini, Melittiini and Sesiini. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology. 8(2): 199-241.
Arita Y. (1991) Illustrations of the type material of Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) described by Matsumura. Tyo To Ga. 42(4): 225-237.
Arita Y. (1992) Sesiidae. In: Heppner, J.B. & Inoue, H. (Eds.), Lepidoptera of Taiwan, Volume 1, part 2: Checklist. Gainesville, Scientific Publishers. 97 pp.
Arita Y. (1994) The clearwing moths of Japan (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Holarctic Lepidoptera. 1: 69-81.
Arita Y., A. Kallies, Y. F. Hsu, J.Y. Liang, B. C. Lai, M. M. Yang & N. Yata (2016) Polymorphism of Nokona pilamicola (Strand, [1916]) (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) in Taiwan. Tinea. 23(5): 249-254.
Arita Y., K. Funahashi & K. Fukuzumi (1992) The immature stages of Sesia yezoensis (Hampson, 1991) (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 43: 325-331.
Arita, Y. & O. Gorbunov (2000) On the tribe Melittiini (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) of Vietnam. Tinea. 16(4): 252-291.
Bazinet A. L., M. P. Cummings, K. T. Mitter & C. W. Mitter (2013) Can RNA-Seq resolve the rapid radiation of advanced moths and butterflies (Hexapoda: Lepidoptera: Apoditrysia)? An exploratory study. PLoS One. 8(12): e82615.
Bradley J. D. (1956) A new clearwing moth from West Africa predaceous on scale-insects (Lep. : Aegeriidae). The Entomologist. 89: 203-205.
Brock J. P. (1971) A contribution towards an understanding of the morphology and phylogeny of the ditrysian Lepidoptera. Journal of Natural History. 5: 29-102.
Bûda, V. & V. Karalius (1985) Calling behaviour of females of currant clearwing moth, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology. 100: 297-302.
Carpenter J. M. (1996) Uninformative bootstrapping. Cladistics. 12: 177-181.
Common I. F. B. (1974) Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). pp. 98-107. In: Waterhouse D. F. (ed.). The Insects of Australia, Supplement. Melbourne University Press. Melbourne. 146 pp.
Damgaard J. (2008) Phylogeny of the semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera- Heteroptera, Gerromorpha). Insect Systematics & Evolution 39: 431-460.
Delgado N. (2004) Taxonomíay bioecología de los perforadores (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) del fruto del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), en la región centro-costera del Estado Aragua. Trabajo de Ascenso. Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Maracay. 98p.
Duckworth W. D. & T. D. Eichlin (1974) Clearwing moths of Australia and New Zealand (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 180: 1-45.
Duckworth W. D. (1969) A new species of Aegeriidae from Venezuela predaceous on scale insects (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 71(4): 487-490.
Duckworth, W. D. & T. D. Eichlin (1977) A Classification of the Sesiidae of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera, Sesioidea). Occasional Papers in Entomology. 26: 1-54.
Edwards E. D., P. Gentili, M. Horak, N. P. Kristensen & E. S. Nielsen (1999) The cossoid/sesioid assemblage. pp. 181-197. In: Andreas S. R. (ed.). Handbook of Zoology, Vol. 4 (Insecta) Lepidoptera. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. New York. 491 pp.
Faith, D. P. & P. S. Cranston (1991) Could a cladogram this short have arisen by chance alone on permutation tests for cladistic structure. Cladistics. 7: 1-28.
Farris, J. S. (1989) The retention index and the rescaled consistency weighted in molecular phylogenetic studies, either an index. Cladistics. 5: 417-419.
Fibiger M. & N. P. Kristensen (1974) The Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. 2: 91.
Gauthier N., J. Lasalle, D. L. J. Quicke & H. C. J. Godfray (2000) Phylogeny of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with a reclassification of Eulophinae and the recognition that Elasmidae are derived eulophids. Systematic Entomology. 25(4): 521-539.
Gorbunov O. & U. Eitschberger (1990) The description of a new species of the genus Paraglossecia Gorbunov, 1988, from Northeastern China, with the erection of a new tribe of the susbfamily Tinthiinae (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Atalanta. 21: 289-294.
Gorbunov O. & Y. Arita (1995a) A revision of Frederic Moore's clearwing moth types (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), at Humboldt University, Berlin. Tinea. 14(3): 204-224.
Gorbunov O. & Y. Arita (1995b) New and poorly known clearwing moth taxa from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 46(2): 69-90.
Gorbunov O. & Y. Arita (1996) New and little-known Oriental Melittia Hübner (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), from the collection of Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Genève. Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 103(2): 323-338.
Gorbunov O. & Y. Arita (1999) New taxa of the clearwing moths (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) from Nepal. Tinea. 16(2): 106-143.
Gorbunov O. & Y. Arita (2000) Study on the Synanthedonini (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) of Vietnam. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology. 6(1): 85-113.
Hampson, G. F. (1893) Family Sesiidae. pp. 187-206. In: Blanford W. T. (ed.). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma (Moths) 1. Taylor and Francis. London. 527 pp.
Hansen, J. A., W. E. Klingeman, J. K. Moulton, J. B. Oliver, M. T. Windham, A. Zhang & R. N. Trigiano (2012) Molecular identification of Synanthedonini Members (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) using cytochrome oxidase I. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 105(4): 520-528.
Harms K. E. & A. Aiello (1995) Seed-boring by tropical clear wing moths (Sesiidae): Aberrant behavior or widespread habit? Journal of The Lepidopterists' Society. 49:43-48.
Hebert P. D. N., M. Y. Stoeckle T. S. Zemlak & C. M. Francis (2004) Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLOS Biology. 2(10): 1657-1663.
Heikkilä M., M. Mutanen, N. Wahlberg, P. Sihvonen & L. Kaila (2015) Elusive ditrysian phylogeny: an account of combining systematized morphology with molecular data (Lepidoptera). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15:260.
Heppner J. B. & W. D. Duckworth (1981) Classification of the superfamily Sesioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 314: 1-144.
Heppner J. B. (1987) Sesiidae (Sesioidea). pp. 411-414. In: Frederick W. S. (ed.). Immature Insects. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 754 pp.
Heppner J. B. (2003) Tribal classification of the Lepidoptera. Lepidoptera News. 1-2: 1-22.
Hosaka T., Y. Arita, & L. G. Kirton (2007) Seed predation on the dipterocarp Neobalanocarpus heimii (Dipterocarpaceae) by the clearwing moth Synanthedon nautica (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 58(2):165-171.
Jin Q., S. X. Wang & H. H. Li (2008) Catalogue of the family Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) in China. SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología 36(144): 507-526.
Johnson N. F. & C. A. Triplehorn (2005) Borror and DeLong’s introduction to the study of insects. 7th ed. Belmont, CA, USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 864.
Kallies A. & Y. Arita (2001) The Tinthiinae of North Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 52(3): 187-235.
Kallies A. & Y. Arita (2006) New wasp-waisted clearwing moths (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae, Tinthiinae) from Vietnam and Taiwan. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan. 57(4): 371-377.
Kallies A., Y. Arita & W. Min (2016) A new species and new records of Melittiini from China and Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Zootaxa. 4205(2): 162-170.
Karalius V. & V. Bûda (1993) Behavioural aspects of chemical communication in currant clearwing, pp. 503-510. In: K. Wiese et al. (eds.). Sensory Systems of Arthropods. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Swizerland. 682 pp.
Kishino H. & M. Hasegawa (1989) Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in Hominoidea. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 29(2): 170-179.
Klots A. B. (1970) Lepidoptera. pp. 115-130. In: Tuxen S. L. (ed.). Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. Lubrecht & Cramer. Copenhagen. 284 pp.
Lanfear R., B. Calcott, S. Y. W Ho & S. Guindon (2012) PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular biology and evolution. 29(6): 1695-1701.
Le Cerf F. (1917) Contributions à l'étude des Aegeriidae. Description et Iconographie d'Espèces et de Formes nouvelles ou peu connues. 14: 137-388. In: Oberthür, C. (ed.). Etudes de lépidoptérologie comparée, par Charles Oberthür. Imprimerie Oberthur. Rennes. 474 pp.
Li M., Y. Tian, Y. Zhao & W. Bu (2012) Higher level phylogeny and the first divergence time estimation of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) based on multiple genes. PLoS One. 7(2): e32152.
Liang J. Y. & Y. F. Hsu (2015) A review of clearwing moths in the tribe Synanthedonini, with descriptions of six new species from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Zootaxa. 4044(4): 535-555.
Liang J. Y. & Y. F. Hsu (2017) Two new species of clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from Taiwan. Zootaxa. 4299 (3): 415-422.
Maddison W. P. & D. R. Maddison (2000) MacClade: analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 4.0.
Maddison, W. P. & D. R. Maddison (2017) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.2.
McKern J. A., A. L. Szalanski, D. T. Johnson & A. P. G. Dowling (2008) Molecular phylogeny of Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology. 25(3): 165-177.
Meyrick E. (1928) A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. Watkins and Doncaster. London. p. 911.
Minet J. (1986) Ebauche d’une classification moderne de l’ordre des Lépidoptères. Alexanor. 14: 291-313.
Minet J. (1991) Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Insect Systematics & Evolution 22: 69-95.
Morillo F., P. Sanchez, B. Herrera, C. Liendo-Barandiaran, W. Munoz & J. V. Hernandez (2009) Pupal development, longevity and behavior of Carmenta theobromae (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Florida Entomologist. 92: 355-361.
Mosher E. (1916) A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 12: 17-159.
Mutanen M., N. Wahlberg & L. Lauri Kaila (2010) Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277: 2839-2848.
Nagata N., K. Kubota & T. Sota (2007) Phylogeography and introgressive hybridization of the ground beetle Carabus yamato in Japan based on mitochondrial gene sequences. Zoological science. 24: 465-474.
Naumann C. M. (1971) Untersuchungen zur systematik und phylogenese der holarktischen Sesiiden (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Bonner Zoologische Monographien. 1: 190 pp.
Nielson D. G. (1978) Sex pheromone traps: a breakthrough in controlling borers of ornamental trees and shrubs. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 4: 181-183.
Nyman T., V. Vikberg, D. R. Smith & J. L. Boevé (2010) How common is ecological speciation in plant-feeding insects? A 'Higher' Nematinae perspective. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10:266.
Onyango F. O. & J. P. R. Ochieng‘-Odero (1994) Continuous rearing of the maize stem borer Busseola fusca on an artificial diet. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 73(2): 139-144.
Piskunov (1970) Chaetotaxy of caterpillars of the raspberry clearwing moth, Bembecia hylaeiformis Laspeyres (Lepidoptera, Aegeriidae). Entomological Review. 49: 324-327.
Pühringer F. & A. Kallies (2004) Provisional checklist of the Sesiidae of the world (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Mitteilungen der Entomologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Salzkammergut. 4: 1-85.
Pühringer F. & A. Kallies (2017) Checklist of the Sesiidae of the world. http://www.sesiidae.net/Checklst.htm. (accessed 28 Jan 2017).
Quicke D. L. J., J. Taylor & A. Purvis (2001) Changing the landscape: A new strategy for estimating large phylogenies. Systematic Biology. 50: 60-66.
Regier J. C., A. Zwick, M. P. Cummings, A. Y. Kawahara, S. Cho, et al., (2009) Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 280.
Regier J. C., C. Mitter, A. Zwick, A. L. Bazinet, M. P. Cummings, A. Y. Kawahara, et al., (2013) A large-scale, higher-level, molecular phylogenetic study of the insect order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). PLoS ONE. 8(3): e58568.
Robinson G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández (2001) Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the Oriental Region. The Natural History Museum, London. p. 744.
Robinson G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández (2002) Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 69: 824 pp.
Roe A. D., S. J. Weller, J. Baixeras, J. Brown & M. P. Cummings (2009) Evolutionary framework for lepidoptera model systems. pp. 1-24. In: Goldsmith M. & F. Marec (eds.). Genetics and Molecular Biology of Lepidoptera. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton. 362 pp.
Ronquist F., M. Teslenko, P. van der Mark, D. L. Ayres, A. Darling, S. Höhna et al. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic biology. 61(3): 539-542.
Sánchez P. & C. Marín (1987) Distribución geográfica, daños y alternativas de control de los perforadores del fruto del cacao en Venezuela. Congreso Venezolano de Entomologia. 10: 12-17.
Shaw K. L. (2002) Conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies of a recent species radiation: what mtDNA reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in Hawaiian crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99: 16122-16127.
Shimodaira H. & M. Hasegawa (1999) Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16(8): 1114-1116.
Shimodaira H. & M. Hasegawa (2001) CONSEL: for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection. Bioinformatics. 17(12): 1246-1247.
Shimodaira H. (2002) An approximately unbiased test of phylogenetic tree selection. Systematic Biology. 51(3): 492-508.
Solomon J. D., F. L. Oliveria, J. H. Tumlinson & R. E. Doolittle (1982) Occurrence of clearwing borers (Sesiidae) in west central Mississippi. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. 17: 4-12.
Sota T. & A. P. Vogler (2001) Incongruence of mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees in the carabid beetles Ohomopterus. Systematic Biology. 50(1): 39-59.
Špatenka K., O. Gorbunov, Z. Laštůvka, I. Toševski & Y. Arita (1999) Sesiidae, clearwing moths. In: Naumann C. M. (ed.). Handbook of Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera. GEM. 1: 569 pp.
Špatenka K., Z. Lastuvka, O. Gorbunov, I. Tosevski & Y. Arita (1993) Die Systematik und Synonymie der paläarktischen Glasflügler-Arten (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo. 14(2): 81-114.
Strand E. (1916) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Noctuidae p. p. (Agaristinae, Macrobrochis), Aganaidae, Saturniidae, Uraniidae, Cossidae, Callidulidae und Aegeriidae. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 81A (8): 45-49.
Strand E. (1917) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Noctuidae p. p. (Agaristinae, Macrobrochis), Aganaidae, Saturniidae, Uraniidae, Cossidae, Callidulidae und Aegeriidae. Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 82A (1): 137-152.
Swofford D. L. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Tamura K., G. Stecher, D. Peterson, A. Filipski & S. Kumar (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30:2725-2729.
Tian Y., W. Zhu, M. Li, Q. Xie & W. Bu (2008) Influence of data conflict and molecular phylogeny of major clades in Cimicomorphan true bugs (Insecta : Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 47(2): 581-597.
Timmermans, M. J. T. N., D. C. Lees & T. J. Simonsen (2014) Towards a mitogenomic phylogeny of Lepidoptera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 169-178.
van Nieukerken E. J., L. Kaila, I. J. Kitching, N. P. Kristensen, D. C. Lees, et al., (2011) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 3148:212-21.
Wagner D. L. (2001) Moths. In SA Levin. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 249-270 pp.
Wahlberg N. & C. W. Wheat (2008) Genomic outposts serves the phylogenomic pioneers: designing novel nuclear markers for genomic DNA extractions of the Lepidoptera. Systematic Biology. 57: 231-242.
Wahlberg N. & W. C. Wheat (2008) Genomic outposts serve the phylogenomic pioneers: Designing novel nuclear markers for genomic DNA extractions of Lepidoptera. Systematic Biology. 57(2): 231-242.
Wahlberg N. (2001) The phylogenetics and biochemistry of host-plant specialization in Melitaeine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evolution. 55: 522-537.
Wu L. W., L. H. Lin, D. C. Lees & Y. F. Hsu (2014) Mitogenomic sequences effectively recover relationships within brush-footed butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). BMC Genomics. 15(1): 468.
Yang H., X. Guo, R. Lu, B. Niu, V. Pasapula, P. Hou, F. Cai, Y. Xu & F. Chen (2009) Changes in morphology and biochemical indices in browning callus derived from Jatropha curcas hypocotyls. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 98(1): 11-17.
Yano K. (1960) A revision of the species of the genus Zenodoxus Grote et Robinson from Japan, with descriptions of two new species from Formosa (Lepidoptera, Aegeriidae). Kontyu. 28: 230-238.