黑潮是北太平洋的西方邊界流，其流經呂宋海峽的區段有時會以套流(loop current) 的型態向西入侵北南海。過往研究已證實台灣東北黑潮海表面溫度變異可對區域大氣帶來影響，本研究欲藉由衛星觀測資料及數值模式探討呂宋海峽黑潮套流入侵南海的事件是否對區域大氣造成影響。研究結果顯示東風期間（11－4月），臺灣西南外海因黑潮入侵所帶來海表增溫會伴隨近海表風速及降雨有增加的現象。近一步利用大氣數值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecast model）以理想實驗對照有無黑潮套流入侵南海的情況下區域性大氣的差異，結果顯示黑潮入侵所伴隨的較高海表溫會增強低層大氣的垂直運動，並使垂直風切減弱，增加垂直混合效應，因而使近海表風速與降雨率增強。

The Kuroshio is the western boundary current of the North Pacific Ocean. Kuroshio intrudes into the north of South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait. The intruded Kuroshio often forms an anticyclonic current loop north of the Luzon Strait. Previous studies confirmed covariability of sea surface temperature (SST) influence on the local atmosphere. In this study, by using satellite data and numerical modeling, the impact of Kuroshio intrusion (KI) entering north Luzon Strait on the local atmosphere is investigated. First, satellite data analysis shows that KI causing increased local sea surface temperature and enhanced intensity of wind speed and rainfall off southwestern Taiwan during easterly winds (from November to April). Using the WRF (Weather Research and Forecast model) model, we conduct two suites of idealized experiments for comparing the difference of local atmosphere responses due to KI entering the north of SCS or not. The result shows that higher local SST (associated with KI) triggering enhanced wind speed and rainfall by enhancing lower atmosphere vertical motion and thus decreasing vertical wind shear, which leads to intensify of vertical mixing.

摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
圖目錄 Ⅵ
第一章、緒論 1
第二章、資料來源與研究方法 6
2-1 資料來源 6
2.1.1 海表面高度與海表面地轉流 6
2.1.2 近海表面風場 7
2.1.3 海表面溫度 7
2.1.4 降水 8
2.1.5 垂直運動 8
2-2 數值模式 8
2.2.1 數值模式簡介 8
2.2.2 模式設置 9
2-3 入侵南海黑潮的判定 10
第三章、研究結果 13
3-1 衛星觀測資料比對 13
3-2 數值模式驗證 17
第四章、結論與未來工作 21
4-1 綜合討論 21
4-2 未來工作 22
參考文獻 24
附圖 28

Centurioni, L. R., and P. P. Niiler, 2004: Observations of inflow of Philippine Sea surface water into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 113-121.
Chelton, D. B., S. P. Xie, 2010: Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanography, 23(4), 52-69.
Chern, C. S., S. Jan, and J. Wang, 2010: Numerical study of mean flow patterns in the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait. Ocean Dynamics, 60(5), 1047-1059.
Chow, C. H., Q. Liu, S. P. Xie, 2015: Effects of Kuroshio Intrusions on the atmosphere northeast of Taiwan Island. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42(5), 1465-1470.
Farris, A., and M. Wimbush, 1996: Wind-induced Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea. J. Oceanogr., 52, 771-784.
Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhaden, J. M. Wallace, 1989: The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability. J. Climate, 2, 1500-1505.
Kelly, K. A., R. J. Small, R. M. Samelson, B. Qiu, T. M. Joyce, Y. O. Kwon, M. F. Cronin, 2010: Western boundary currents and frontal air-sea interaction: Gulf stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Climate, 23(21), 5644-5667.
Kuwano-Yashida, A., S. Minobe, S. P. Xie, 2010: Precipitation response to the Gulf Stream in an atmospheric GCM. J. Climate, 23, 3676-3696.
Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological atlas of the world ocean. NOAA Prof. Pap., 13, 173.
Li, L., W. D. Nowlin, and J. Su, 1998: Anticyclonic rings from the Kuroshio in the South China Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part I, 45, 1469- 1482.
Liang, W. D., T. Y. Tang, Y. J. Yang, M. T. Ko, and W. S. Chung, 2003: Upper-ocaen current around Taiwan. Deep Sea. Res. Part Ⅱ, 50, 1085-1105.
Lin, Y. L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model. J. Climate Appl. Met., 22, 1065-1092.
Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics. J. Atmos Sc., 44(17), 2418-2436.
Minobe S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S. P. Xie, and R. J. Small, 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452(7184), 206-208.
Nitani, H., 1972: Beginning of the Kuroshio. Kuroshio: Physical Aspects of the Japan Current, 129-163.
Nonaka, M., and S. P. Xie, 2003: Covariations of sea surface temperature and wind over the Kuroshio and its extension: Evidence for ocean-to-atmospheric feedback. J. Climate, 16, 1404-1413.
Rio, M. H., and F. Hernandez, 2004: A mean dynamic topography computed over the world ocean from altimetry, in situ measurements, and a geoid model. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12032.
Schwarz, C. V., B. J. Reiser, E. A. Davis, L. Kenyon, A. Acher, D. Fortus, and J. Krajcik, 2009: Developing a learning progression for scientific modeling: Making scientific modeling accessible and meaningful for learners. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(6), 632-654.
Shaw, P. T., 1991: The seasonal variation of the intrusion of the Philippine sea water into the South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 821-827.
Sheu, W. J., C. R. Wu, and L. Y. Oey, 2010: Blocking and westward passage of eddies in the Luzon Strait. Deep Sea Res. Part II, 57(19), 1783-1791.
Sheremet, V. A., 2001: Hysteresis of a western boundary current leaping across a gap. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1247-1259.
Stensrud, D. J., 2007: Parameterization Schemes: Keys to Understanding Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Stommel, H., and A. B. Arons, 1960: On the abyssal circulation of the
world ocean I: Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere. Deep Sea Res., 6, 140-154.
Tokinaga, H., Y. Tanimoto, and S. P. Xie, 2005: SST-induced surface wind variations over the Brazil-Malvinas confluence: Satellite and in situ observations. J. Climate, 18(17), 3470-3482.
Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The Influence of Sea-Surface Temperature on Surface Wind in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific-Seasonal and Interannual Variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492-1499.
Wang, J., and C. S. Chern, 1987: The warm-core eddy in the northern South China Sea, I: Preliminary observations on the warm-core eddy. Acta Oceanogr Taiwanica, 18, 92-103.
Wyrtki, K., 1961: Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian waters. Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Xu, H., M. Xu, S. P. Xie, and Y. Wang, 2011: Deep atmospheric response to the spring Kuroshio Current over the East China Sea. J. Climate, 24, 4959-4972.
Xie, S. P., J. Hafner, Y. Tanimoto, W. T. Liu, H. Tokinaga, and H. Xu, 2002: Bathymetric effect on the winter sea surface temperature and climate of the Yellow and East China Seas. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24).
Xie, S. P., C. H. Chang, Q. Xie, and D. Wang, 2007: Intraseasonal variability in the summer South China Sea: wind jet, cold filament, and recirculations. J. Geophys. Res., 112(C10).
Wang, J., and C. S. Chern, 1987a: The warm-core eddy in the northern South China Sea, I. Preliminary observations on the warm-core eddy. Acta Oceanogr. Taiwanica, 18, 92-103.
Yuan, D., W. Han, and D. Hu, 2006: Surface Kuroshio path in the Luzon Strait area derived from satellite remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11007.
Yuan, Y. C., G. H. Liao, C. H. Yang, Z. H. Liu, H. Chen and Z. G. Wang, 2014: Summer Kuroshio Intrusion through the Luzon Strait confirmed from observations and a diagnostic model in summer 2009. Prog. Oceanogr., 121, 44-59.
Zheng, Z. W., Q. Zheng, Y. C. Kuo, G. Gopalakrishnan, C. Y. Lee, C. R. Ho, N. J. Kuo, and S. J. Huang, 2016: Impacts of coastal upwelling off east Vietnam on the regional winds system: An air-sea-land interaction. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 76, 105-115