臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要

隨著工業的發展，有機化合物被大量應用於工業製造及一般生活之中，由於早年環保議題較不重視，加上沒有完整的法律規範，因此任意傾倒的廢液及儲槽設施的洩漏，造成後續許多土壤與地下水污染等問題。在眾多有機化合物中，輕質非水相液體（light –non-aqueous phase liquid，LNAPL）為密度小於水且與水不互溶的液體，LNAPL一旦滲入土壤之後，容易聚集於地下水面之上，並隨著地下水流動，造成分佈面積廣泛，污染範圍界定上相當不易，也導致後續污染整治規劃的困難。時域反射儀(time domain reflectometry, TDR)為一種非破壞性的地球物測量方法，量測時間極短、機動性高，能在短時間內進行大面積的施測，因此，若能將其應用於LNAPL汙染範圍調查之中，將有助於污染場址整治工作之進行。本研究選用TDR6050X，以三根式探頭進行實驗，分別測量自來水、石英標準砂、大陸砂、食用油、汽油等樣品，由於乾砂與LNAPL的介電常數值十分相近，以傳統的分析方式不易分辨LNAPL，為提升TDR於LNAPL量測時之適用性，本研究嘗試將TDR反射電壓波形圖，依序進行傅立葉轉換，獲得各樣品的頻譜圖之後，針對不同頻率的頻譜密度進行能量積分，最後透過能量面積的差異進行LNAPL濃度高低的判識。為評估上述分析方法之適應性，本研究透過砂箱進行一系列的實驗，實驗結果顯示，在砂、空氣、水或砂、空氣、LANPL三相混合中，含水量或LNAPL濃度越高之頻譜圖所得到的能量面積越小，且與介電常數間有非常良好的線性關係；而在砂、空氣、水及LNAPL四相混合實驗中，以含水量能量面積為基礎，搭配一倍標準差之信賴區間進行劃分，能夠初步判斷土壤是否受到LNAPL污染的情況，然而LNAPL含量的高低仍無法準確分辨。進一步加入混合模式（mixing- model）計算各樣本的體積含量，並透過模式擬合的過程，則可初步推估LNAPL之濃度。經由本研究之成果，驗證以傅立葉轉換、頻譜密度能量面積積分及混合模式擬合的方法，可延伸TDR的應用於LNAPL量測之中，期望未來能應用於營運中的加油站或工廠，針對LNAPL汙染範圍調查之困境提供解決之道。

Abstract

When organic solvents being used by the industry are released to our daily life, their wasted solutions caused serious environment problem. Among many organic compounds, light – non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) is one of the most common contamiants in soils. LNAPL once leaks into the soil, it is easily enriched above the ground water level, and flow with the groundwater, separating widely distributed. The transportation of LNAPL in soil and groundwater is very complicated and not easy to detect and remedy. Time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is a non-destructive geophysical method, and its short measuring time and high flexibility can survey large areas quickly. If TDR could be applied to LNAPL measurement, it advantages can improve contamined sites survey and remediation work. In this study, TDR6050X is used for the laboratory experiments, and water, quartz sand, field sand, soybean oil and gasolin are selected as samples for testing. The dielectric constant measured by TDR between dry sand and LNAPL are very close, so they are not easy to be distinguished by traditional time-domain method. In order to promote the measurement, the Fourier transformation is applied to the TDR waveforms for analysis, and then power spectral densities obtained from different samples are integrated with different frequencies to determine the LNAPL content. To evalute the feasibility of proposed method, a series of experiments through the sand box are conducted. In the experiments of three-phase system, i.e., mixed of sand, air and water/LANPL, water and LNAPL contents show a linear relationship between the dielectric constant and the energy area of power spectral density. In the experiments of four-phase system, determination of soil whether contaminated with LNAPL can be verified based on the energy area of water content with one standard deviation. However, the quantification of LNAPL content is not very accurate. With shifting the energy area of LNAPL content and fitting process of mixing model, LNAPL content can be estimated through the fitted mixing model. According to the results obtained from this study, the combination of Fourier transform, the integration of power spectral density, and mixng model fitting to extend the TDR measurement in LNAPL content is verified.The fast measurement procedure developed in this study can be applied to gas stations or factories contamined by LNAPL and improve the capability of survey.

目錄

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖次 VI
表次 X
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 文獻回顧 2
1.4 研究流程與架構 4
第二章 研究方法 6
2.1 TDR 量測原理 6
2.1.1 TDR反射波形 7
2.1.2 基本電磁學性質 8
2.1.3 TDR含水量測量原理 9
2.1.4 TDR探頭形式與有效測量範圍 10
2.2 混合模式 12
2.3 傅立葉轉換 13
2.4 S11函數 16
2.5 傅立葉轉換-面積積分法 19
2.6 地質材料 20
2.7 LNAPL特性 20
第三章 純樣本測量 23
3.1 自來水測量 24
3.2 食用油測量 25
3.3 汽油 26
3.4 砂樣 27
3.5 純樣本測量之比較 30
3.6 自來水與食用油之不同深度測量 31
3.6.1自來水之不同深度量測 31
3.6.2食用油之不同深度測量 34
第四章 三相混合實驗 37
4.1 含水量實驗 37
4.1.1 石英粗砂 38
4.1.2 大陸砂 44
4.2 含油量測量 50
4.2.1石英粗砂+食用油 51
4.2.2 大陸砂+食用油 57
4.2.3 大陸砂+汽油 63
4.3 綜合比較 69
4.3.1含水量綜合比較 69
4.3.2含油量綜合比較 69
第五章 四相混合測量 70
5.1食用油與含水石英砂測量與結果 70
5.2 食用油與含水大陸砂測量與結果 79
5.3 汽油與含水大陸砂測量與結果 86
5.4　LNAPL含量推估 89
第六章 討論 93
6.1 不同頻率頻譜密度能量面積積分 93
6.2 TDR探頭對於實驗結果之影響 94
6.3 混合模式α值之探討 94
第七章 結論與建議 96
7.1 結論 96
7.2 建議 97
參考文獻 98

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