臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

我們研究了JPEG圖像的可逆數據隱藏方案，並提出了一種通過將隱藏資訊嵌入到連續零量化係數之方法。在所提出的方法中，基於使用離散餘弦變換區塊的固定集合中的連續零量化係數並以下列方式嵌入隱藏數據。
首先，根據隱藏資訊的第一部分，該算法從該固定集合之零量化係數中選擇幾個位置，並根據隱藏資訊的第二部分，通過值較小的非零數值修改所選擇的零量化係數。 實驗結果表明，我們提出的方法可以減少檔案大小、提高資訊藏值量、每個區塊執行單位時間是20並在檔案大小變化量和有效藏量之間的比例比以前的方法更低。

In this thesis, we study reversible data hiding schemes for JPEG images and we propose a method which is constructed by embedding secret data into zero quantized coefficients.In the proposed method, consecutive zero quantized coefficients in a fixed set of entries of DCT block are used to embed data in the following way.

First, the algorithm selects several positions from this fixed set according to the first part of the secret message and modifies selected zero coefficients by small non-zero values according to the second part of the secret message. Experimental results show that our proposed methods have less file size and higher embedding capacity and each block spend 20 unit time and obtain lower ratios between the increased file size and payload than previous methods.

Contents
Page
Chatper 1　Introduction 1
1.1　Background 1
1.2　Research Purpose 3

Chatper 2　Related works 5
2.1　JPEG Compression 5
2.2　The Run-Length Coding 8
2.3　Liao and Zhang's Scheme 11
2.3.1 Data Embedding Procedure 11
2.3.2 Data Extracting Procedure 12
2.4　Nikolaidis's Scheme 13
2.4.1 Data Embedding Procedure 13
2.4.2 Data Extracting Procedure 14

Chapter 3　Proposed scheme for Embedding data into zero quantized coefficient 15
3.1　Data Embedding Procedure 16
3.2　Data Extracting Procedure 18
3.3　Procedure Example 19
3.3.1 Proposed(2) Example 19
3.3.2 Proposed(3) Example 20

Chapter 5　Experimental Results 21

Chapter 6　Conclusion 30

Bibliography 31



List of figures
Page
Fig.2.1 The flowchart of the JPEG compression and decompression 5
Fig.2.2 Standard qunatization table and Zig-zag scanning order in a single block 6
Fig.3.1　Proposed(2) Example 19
Fig.3.2　Proposed(3) Example 20
Fig.4.1　Test image 21
Fig.4.2　PSNR versus payload for JPEG images 24
Fig.4.3　PSNR versus payload for Lena image 25
Fig.4.4　Huffman length versus payload for JPEG images 26
Fig.4.5　Huffman length versus payload for Lena image 27
Fig.4.6　The ratio between increased file size and payload for JPEG images 28
Fig.4.7　The ratio between increased file size and payload for Lena image 29


List of tables
Page
Table 2.1.　Table for AC coefficient differences 9
Table 4.1. Payload (bits) of Lena image 22
Table 4.2. Payload (bits) of test images 22

Bibliography
[1] Chang C.-C., Lin C.-C., Tseng C.-S., and Tai W.-L.: Reversible hiding
in DCT-based compressed images. Information Sciences, 177 (13), 2768–
2786, (2007)
[2] Huang F., Qu X., Kim H. J., and Huang J.: Reversible data hiding
in JPEG images. IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video
Technology, 26 (9), 1610–1621, (2016)
[3] Liao G. and Zhang X.: A reversible hiding for JPEG images. Advanced
Materials Research, 433-440, 4615–4620, (2012)
[4] Nikolaidis A.: Reversible data hiding in JPEG images utilising zero quantised
coefficients. IET Image Processing, 9 (7), 560–568, (2015)
[5] Reininger R. C. , and Gibson J. D. ,: Distribution of the two-dimensional
DCT coefficients for images’IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 31,no.
6, pp. 835–839, (1983)
[6] Sakai H., Kuribayashi M., and Morii M.: Adaptive reversible data hiding
for JPEG images. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Information Theory and its Applications, 1–6, (2008)
[7] Miscelaneous Gray Level Images [Online]. Available:http:// decsai.
ugr.es/cvg/dbimagenes/g512.php
[8] Wang K., Lu Z.-M., and Hu Y.-J.: A high capacity lossless data hiding
scheme for JPEG images. Journal of Systems and Software, 86, 1965–
1975, (2013)
[9] Xuan G. R., Shi Y. Q., Ni Z. C., Chai P. Q., Cui X., and Tong.X.
F.: Reversible data hiding for JPEG images based on histogram pairs.
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Analysis and
Recognition, 715–727, (2007)