臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來由於地球暖化以及溫室效應等議題，建築用水過程的耗能致使的排碳量開始受到重視，而減少耗水及節約用水被認為是減少用水及排碳量最重要的因素。熱水系統是給排水系統中最耗能的部分，可分為產熱端、傳輸端與使用端，而熱水使用空間則可分為浴室、盥洗空間與廚房洗手台。為達成建築熱水系統省水減碳之目的，本研究透過現況調查與熱水用水實驗(沐浴、洗髮、洗手、洗臉、洗碗)，掌握出水器具的省水機制(含用水量、水壓、出水形式)，以及用水行為將能有效探討合適的省水效益，進而提出改善行為設計與設備評估機制，達到居家省水改善與節能減碳之目的，並達到省能之附加價值。

Global warming is become a serious issue of the world in recent year. Water saving is considered to be the most important factor in reducing CO2 emission of water consumption in residential building. Hot water supply system consumes most energy in plumbing system and can be divided into heat generation part, the transmission part and the use part. This study analyze the using water devices characteristics (flow rate, pressure, ejection mode) and hot water using experiments (showering, hair rinsing, hand washing, face washing, dishwashing) to discussed about optimum water saving efficiency. Finally, submit the assessment of the energy consumption and CO2 emission reduction benefits for improved hot water supply system.

目錄
摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
目錄 V
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 ... XII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機與目的 1
1.1.1研究動機 1
1.1.2研究目的 4
1.2研究範圍與限制 5
1.2.1研究範圍 5
1.2.2研究限制 5
1.3研究方法 10
1.3.1熱水使用行為探討 10
1.3.2問卷設計方法 11
1.3.3分析方法 12
1.3.4熱水使用行為合理用水器具流量範圍推估 15
1.3.5實驗相關儀器與配置概念 15
1.4研究步驟與流程 17
1.5文獻研究回顧 18
第二章 居家用水耗能與現況探討 22
2.1居家用水耗能 22
2.1.1產熱端耗能 23
2.1.2傳輸端耗能探討 27
2.1.3使用端耗能探討 28
2.1.4熱水系統總耗能量分析 29
2.2居家用水現況探討 29
2.2.1給水壓力探討 29
2.3居家用水器具使用現況調查 32
2.3.1不同給水壓力之用水器具流量探討 35
2.3.2用水器具之散水壓力探討 36
2.3.3用水器具之散水壓力與舒適度探討 37
2.3.4用水器具之散水範圍探討 38
2.3.5用水器具之出水探討 40
第三章 用水器具物理特性調查測與熱水使用實測設計 41
3.1熱水使用實驗場所 41
3.2問卷設計 42
3.3實驗設備與量測儀器說明 45
3.4用水器具出水流線物理特性實測 47
3.4.1給水壓力與用水器具之流量調查 47
3.4.2用水器具之散水壓調查 49
3.4.3用水器具之散水壓力與舒適度調查 50
3.4.4用水器具之散水範圍調查 52
3.4.5用水器具物理特性調查小結 55
3.5熱水使用行為實測設計 58
3.5.1沐浴實測設計 58
3.5.2洗髮實測設計 60
3.5.3洗手與洗臉實測設計 61
3.5.4洗碗實測設計 63
第四章 用水實測調查結果與分析探討 65
4.1沐浴行為實測與分析 65
4.1.1沐浴舒適度與用水量分析 65
4.1.2蓮蓬頭物理特性之沐浴用水量與舒適度分析 70
4.2洗髮行為實測與分析 73
4.2.1洗髮舒適度與用水量分析 73
4.2.2蓮蓬頭物理特性之洗髮用水量與舒適度分析 78
4.3洗手行為實測與分析 80
4.3.1洗手舒適度與用水量分析 80
4.3.2水龍頭物理特性之洗手用水量與舒適度分析 85
4.4洗臉行為實測與分析 88
4.4.1洗臉舒適度與用水量分析 88
4.4.2水龍頭物理特性之洗臉用水量與舒適度分析 92
4.5洗碗行為實測與分析 96
4.5.1洗碗舒適度與用水量分析 96
4.5.2水龍頭物理特性之洗碗用水量與舒適度分析 100
4.6物理特性之變異數分析探討 103
4.6.1蓮蓬頭物理特性之變異數分析探討 103
4.6.2水龍頭物理特性之變異數分析探討 105
4.7小結 106
第五章 用水行為省水節能效益 108
5.1省水效益分析 108
5.1.1沐浴省水效益分析 109
5.1.2洗髮省水效益分析 110
5.1.3洗手省水效益分析 110
5.1.4洗臉省水效益分析 111
5.1.5洗碗省水效益分析 111
5.2耗能量分析 112
5.2.1沐浴耗能分析 112
5.2.2洗髮耗能分析 113
5.2.3洗手耗能分析 114
5.2.4洗臉耗能分析 114
5.2.5洗碗耗能分析 115
5.3居家熱水省水與節能改善 116
5.3.1居家熱水省水改善 116
5.3.2居家熱水節能改善 116
第六章 結論與建議 118
6.1結論 118
6.2建議 119
第七章 文獻參考 120
一、 中文書目 120
二、 外文書目 122
三、 日文書目 126
附錄一、居家用水器具使用現況調查問卷 127
附錄二、洗碗實驗洗淨項目 128
附錄三、熱水使用行為舒適度調查 130
附錄四、用水行為舒適度與用水量分析 162
附錄五、用水行為耗能量表 172

一、中文書目
[C1]空氣調和˙衛生工學會，2009，圖解空調˙給排水大百科(上)，六合出版社
[C2]經濟部水利署，2015.03.05，103年生活用水量統計年報
[C3]經濟部水利署，2007，家庭節約用水技術手冊
[C4]賴忠毅，2013，建築物內生活用熱水耗能改善對策之研究，國立國立臺中科技大學，室內設計系碩士論文
[C5]李孟杰，2006，住宅生活熱水使用耗能評估與節能方法之研究，國立台灣科技大學，建築系博士論文
[C6]洪怡婷，2003，台灣地區國民中小學合理用水指標評估模式之研究，國立台灣科技大學，建築系博士論文
[C7]施宏錡，2003，醫院建築用水現況調查與評估指標之研究，國立台灣科技大學，建築系博士論文
[C8]鄧喬明，2000，住宅合理用水量之研究，私立中原大學，土木工程學系，碩士論文
[C9]駱佩婷，2008，台中市生活用水量之模式建構與模擬，私立逢甲大學，水利工程與資源保育學系，碩士論文
[C10]郭雅熅，2008，台灣地區生活用水量之推估研究，私立逢甲大學，水利工程與資源保育學系，碩士論文
[C11]內政部營建署，建築物給水排水設備設計技術規範
[C12]經濟部水利署，1998，省水標章
[C13]中國國家標準，2009，GB-T 23447
[C14]空氣調和˙衛生工學會，2012，圖解空調˙給排水大百科(下)，六合出版社
[C15]鄭政利，2004，建築物生活熱水耗能分析與節能設計之研究，行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫(成果報告)
[C16]王先登，探究水龍頭省水奧秘，工研院節水團
[C17]王寧添，2011，香港的供水耗供節水情況和意義，2011 Asian Water
[C18]內政部營建署，建築技術規則
[C19]李孟杰，2016，建築熱水使用行為與設備改善之CO2 減排效益評估，科技部補助專題研究計畫(成果報告)
[C20]國家標準，2015.11.11，CNS8088-水龍頭
[C21]國家標準，2013.12.9，CNS15167-蓮蓬頭

二、外文書目
[E1]Emma Reffold, Feifei Leighton, Fida Choudhury, Paul S Rayner, Greenhouse gas emissons of water supply and demand management options ,Environment Agency, July 2008
[E2]M.C Lee, Reducing CO2 emissions in the individual hot water circulation piping system, Energy andBuildings84(2014)475–482
[E3]Takayuki Otani , Kanako Toyosada, Yasutoshi Shimizu, CO2 Reduction Potential of Water Saving in Vietnam, Water, 2015.7
[E4]Matos, C., Silva-Afonso, A., Moura, T., Bentes, I., Evaluation of the consequences of the implementation of efficiency measures in water efficiency and CO2 emissions. Case study in a single family dwelling, 39th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2012.8.27-30, Edinburgh, Scotland
[E5]M.C. Lee, C.Y. Chen, C.L. Cheng, W.J. Liao, K. Nagata, M. Sato, Shower comfort in different water supply pressure conditions in Taiwan, 41th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2015.8.18-20, Beijing, China
[E6]A. Silva-Afonso, C. Pimentel-Rodrigues, Water efficiency of products. Comfort limits., 38th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2013.9.17-20, Japan Nagono
[E7]K.Toyosada, T.Otani, Y.Shimizu, A.Yonemaru, Research on the effect of showerhead characteristics on usage time and hot water volume, 38th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2013.9.17-20, Japan Nagono
[E8]S.C. Lin, C.H Yao, Water conservation Quarterly vol.8, Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs,2013.08.015
[E9]Satoru. Yabe, Masayuki. Otsuka, Takashi. Inoue, Szuo. Iwamoto, Study on the hot and cold water-saving effects of various types of kitchen faucets using different spout designs and different water-ejection modes, 40th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2014.9.8-10, São Paulo, Brazil
[E10]C.Y. Chen, M.C. Lee, Evaluation of water using comfort and cleaning performance by three different water-ejection modes in residential building, 42th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2016.8.29-9.1, Košice, Slovakia
[E11]M.C. Lee, C.Y. Chen, F. Komatsu, M. Okamoto, W.J. Liao, C.L. Cheng, Clean performance of hair rinsing via different water flow patterns of water-saving shower heads, 42th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2016.8.29-9.1, Košice, Slovakia
[E12]E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J. M. Blokker, E. van der Blom, J. H. G. Vreeburg, Non-residential water demand model validated with extensive measurements and surveys, Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 6, 99–114, 2013
[E13]M.c. Lee, 2012, CO2 emission reducing in hot water transmission system via an independent hot water circulation system, SPSEA 2nd International Symposium：153-166
[E14]United States Enviromental Protection Agency, WaterSense Specification for Showerheads, 2010.3.4, America
[E15]Australian Covernment Department of the Environment, Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act 2005, Australia
[E16]ESPECIFICAÇÃO TÉCNICA ANQIP, ETA-0806, ESPECIFICAÇÕES PARA ATRIBUIÇÃO DE RÓTULOS DE EFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA ANQIP A CHUVEIROS E SISTEMAS DE DUCHE, Portugal
[E17]ESPECIFICAÇÃO TÉCNICA ANQIP, ETA-0808, ESPECIFICAÇÕES PARA A ATRIBUIÇÃO DE RÓTULOS DE EFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA ANQIP A TORNEIRAS E FLUXÓMETROS DE MICTÓRIOS, Portugal
[E18]J. Darelid, Malmvall Control of nosocomial Legionnaires'' disease by keeping the circulating hot water temperature above 55℃: experience from a 10-year surveillance programme in a district general hospital, Journal of Hospital Infection, 2002, 50: 213-219
[E19]M. Okamoto, R. Yaita, M. Sato, M. Kamijo, K. Toyosada, Y. Shimizu, K. Sakaue, W.J. Liao, M.C. Lee, C.L. Cheng, Comparison of the Physical Properties of Showers that the Satisfaction of Shower Feeling among Users in Three Asian Countries, Water 2015
[E20]M.C. Lee, C.F. Chang, L.T. Wong, K.W. Mui, C.C. Lee, Thermal comfort between natural and mechanical ventilation in subtropical classroom, 11th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Environment, (APCBE), 2011, Jakarta, Indonesia.
[E21]M.C. Lee, L.T. Wong, K.W. Mui, 2009. Use of electronic questionnaire surveys for indoor environment quality assessment in classrooms, 10th Asia Pacific Conference on the Built Environment, Green Energy for Environment, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
[E22]W.Y. Cheung, L.T. Wong, K.W. Mui, Y. Zhou, Performance Evaluation of showerheads for Hong Kong Residents, 41th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2015.8.18-20, Beijing, China
[E23]T.Kondo, S. Iwamoto, N.Ichikawa, M.Kamata, Study on water conservation by water saving fixtures, 32th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2006.9.18-20, Taiwan, Taipei
[E24]C.L. Cheng, M.C. Lee, Research on Hot Water Issues in Residential Buildings in Subtropical Taiwan, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Enguineering, 2005.7
[E25]T. WATANABE, M. OTSUKA , M.ISHIMOTO, Different Lever Operations in Relation to The Hot Water-Saving Effects of Hot Water-Saving Single-Lever Faucets, 38th International Symposium on Water Supply and Drainage for Buildings, 2013.9.17-20, Japan Nagono
[E26]M.C. Lee, Energy reducing efficiency by hot water saving inresidential building, 3rd International Symposium on Plumbing System in Asia (ISPSA), 2016
[E27]Methods of Testing Performance of Quality House Components, Dishwashers, BLT DW: 2005 Standard Specification, and the dirty state thereof were simulated by using real food ingredients

 
三、日文書目
[J1]田元康，給湯設備のABC:住まいと湯，1993，TOTO
[J2]大塚雅之，初学者の建築講座-建築設備(第二版)，株式会社ｹ谷出版社，2011
[J3]昭夫，新版˙建築家のための住宅設備設計ノート，2014.6.30，鹿島出版会