臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

族群或民族問題對於世界上許多國家而言，是一個社會與政治的重大問題，也是一個重要的文化問題。一個國家若無法將其國內的族群關係處理得宜，族群衝突勢將對國家治理的各個層面帶來災難。族群衝突的管理，除有賴於族群多元主義的政策思維，族群政治的體制選擇和設計，也是一個重大的課題。
維吾爾人受到中國政權的侵略和殖民，由原本新疆地區的主流民族淪為少數族群，導致自身身分認同、文化傳承和政治上的危機，是一切問題的根源，而在整個歷史變遷的過程中，當代中國共產黨當局前所未有的強勢統治和鎮壓及其引發的不滿和反抗，也使得當地族群關係益發緊張而趨向不穩定。
本論文即以當代維吾爾人和中國共產黨漢人黨國政權的族群衝突為標的，擬藉協和主義（consociationalism）作為理論視域的切入點，從中找尋一條解決當下困境的道路，試圖探索維吾爾和漢人權力共享之可能，並思考中共政權對新疆的高壓統治，是否能夠透過協和主義的運行，逐漸展開更多民主內涵的政治轉型，而最終可以透過政治制度來緩和維漢之間緊張的關係，從而促進和諧共存。
中共不斷依賴內聚和外擴的中華民族主義來維持統治正當性，造成漢人文化霸權對於黨國意識形態的全面滲透和掌控，這樣的統治策略，也必然助長國家機器在政治正確的操作下，對於少數民族的壓迫和歧視。維漢衝突的劇烈發展，是否能給予中共當頭棒喝，促使其改弦易轍，這是本論文的長期關懷，值得後續研究深入觀察之處。
本論文的研究架構分成三個重點：首先，為了理解族群和國家的關係，我們將探討中華人民共和國政府和中國共產黨的現代政治論述（political discourse），而特重胡錦濤、習近平主政下黨國意識形態和民族治理的關係；其次，本論文將分析2000年來的維漢族群衝突，從此發現中共民族政策對於族群衝突的影響；最後，本文則將運用協和主義的政治模式思考中國維漢族群衝突的管理之道。

This thesis investigates the phenomenon of ethnic minority conflict in China and explores the possibility and utility of applying consociational power-sharing solutions to resolve the situation. We focus on the Uyghur conflict through the lens of ethnic mobilization theory and discuss the feasibility of a consociational power-sharing political model being tested at the regional, sub-state level in Xinjiang, before being applied to the rest of China.
The theoretical framework employed draws from the concepts of ethnic mobilization, ethnic conflict, and authoritarian regime in Chinese societies, with the help of ethnic mobilization and conflict theories. We propose that China could use consociational power-sharing as a strategic route that prepares it for eventual democratization, and that the introduction of consociationalism can help China to offset or temper the risk of ethnic conflict that might otherwise result from a sudden transition to democracy. We show the link between the ideology of the Chinese government and party-state that emerge from Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping’s discourses, the localized contemporary ethnic policies in Xinjiang, and the rise of ethnic minority conflict and ethnic movements in the region.
Chapter Four examines the result of the party-state regime on the Uyghur ethnic situation. We ask what kind of political discourse is produced by the party-state, how the Chinese government views and manages its ethnic minorities, and through what political framework? The findings of this research demonstrate that the party-state’s project of one big Chinese nation is unintentionally producing tension between the government and the minorities. Ethnic policies which mirror the nationalist ideology of the CCP encourage conflict and protest instead of unifying the various ethnic groups. We show that state repression, surveillance and social policies increase internal contestation. The consequence of Chinese policies over minorities in the case of Xinjiang can only be understood in relation with the societal changes that have been affecting the region since the mid-1990s.
In Chapter Five, we focus on the contemporary conflict in Xinjiang based on recent data from 2000 to 2017. This chapter uses, for the most part, recent data to analyze the Uyghur conflict through a historical and quantitative approach. We cover the evolution and the transformation of the Uyghur movement since the 1990s. We focus more on the contemporary period to demonstrate that the violent incidents in Xinjiang have dramatically increased under the presidency of Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.

Finally, in Chapter Six, we show that consociationalism could be the key to finding stability in deeply divided China and could help to resolve, manage or mitigate the ethnic minority conflict that has plagued the Uyghur people and the region of Xinjiang.

Abstract i
中文摘要 iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Acronyms ix
Special Remarks x

Chapter One Introduction 1
Section 1.1 Object of Study 3
Section 1.2 Specific Research Questions 9
Section 1.3 Arguments and Objectives 10

Chapter Two Theoretical Framework 13
Section 2.1 Theoretical Context 13
2.1.1 The Ethnic Mobilization and Conflict Theories 13
2.1.2 The Consociational Theory 15
2.1.3 The Strategic Nonviolence Theory 16
Section 2.2 Case Selection 18
2.2.1 Research Field Selection 18
2.2.2 Purpose of Subject Selection 22
2.2.3 Research Field Periods 24
Section 2.3 Methodological Issue 25
2.3.1 Research Approaches 26
2.3.2 Research Methods 31
Section 2.4 Research Hypotheses 33
Section 2.5 Thesis Outline 35
2.5.1 Chapter Summary 35
2.5.2 Research Framework 36

Chapter Three Conceptual Issue 37
Section 3.1 Cultural Pluralism and Plural Society 37
3.1.1 Pluralism Concept 37
3.1.2 Plural Society 39
Section 3.2 The Meaning of Ethnicity 40
3.2.1 Ethnicity 40
3.2.2 Ethnic Group 42
Section 3.3 Ethnic Minority: Aborigine vs. Minority 44
3.3.1 Ethnic Minority 44
3.3.2 Aboriginal Peoples 46
3.3.3 The Terms and their Meaning in the Chinese Sphere 48
Section 3.4 Ethnic Conflict 50
3.4.1 Defining Ethnic Conflict 51
3.4.2 A Different Approach and Literature Review on Ethnic Conflicts 53
Section 3.5 China and the Definition of Authoritarianism 56
3.5.1 The Concept of Totalitarianism 56
3.5.2 The Authoritarian Regime 58
3.5.3 Democratization 61


Chapter Four Chinese Political Ideology and the Ethnic Minorities 62
Section 4.1 Nation and Nationalism in China: A historical approach 62
4.1.1 Emergence of Nationalism in China 63
4.1.2 Establishment of China as a Multiethnic State 65
4.1.3 Resurgence of Nationalism in China 69
4.1.4 Conclusion 70
Section 4.2 Contemporary Ideology: Hu and Xi’s Political Discourse 71
4.2.1 China and the Official Discourse of Hu Jintao 72
4.2.2 Xi Jinping and his “Chinese Dream” 79
4.2.3 Conclusion 81
Section 4.3 Ethnic Minority and the Chinese State 83
4.3.1 The Creation of the Melting Pot: Making the 56 Nationalities 84
4.3.2 Ethnic Minority in the Eyes of the Chinese State 86
4.3.3 Ethnic Minorities and Chinese National Identity 88
Section 4.4 The Contemporary Ethnic Minority Policies 89
4.4.1 The Legal Framework 90
4.4.2 Structure and Politics of the Ethnic Regional Autonomy System 94
4.4.3 China’s Contemporary Ethnic Policies 96
Section 4.5 Conclusion 109

Chapter Five Ethnic Conflict in China 112
Section 5.1 Historical Background of the Uyghur Struggle 113
5.1.1 The Baren Uprising 113
5.1.2 The Ghulja Massacre 115
5.1.3 The Urumqi Riot 116
Section 5.2 The “Conflictual-ized” Nonviolent Actions 117
5.2.1 Theory of Nonviolent Action 117
5.2.2 Analyzing the Three Events 119
5.2.3 Conclusion 121
Section 5.3 Analysis of the Contemporary Uyghur Movement 122
5.3.1 Who Does this Question Concern With? 123
5.3.2 How? The Characteristics of the Han-Uyghur Conflict 124
5.3.3 Why? The Causalities of the Conflict 131
5.3.4 The Type of Incidents Related to the Uyghur Conflict 133
5.3.5 Where? The Geographic Concentration of Uyghur Violence 134
Section 5.4 Analysis of Xinjiang Conflict and its Changing Nature 136
Section 5.5 Conclusion 138

Chapter Six Consociationalism and the Uyghur Conflict: A Theoretical Approach to China’s Ethnic Conflict 145
Section 6.1 Introduction 145
Section 6.2 Consociationalism and its Discussion 147
6.2.1 Definition 148
6.2.2 Arend Lijphart and the Consociational Theory 150
6.2.3 The Favorable Conditions 152
6.2.4 The Consociational Debate 154
Section 6.3 Literature Review 156
6.3.1 European Experience 156
6.3.2 Asian Experience 159
6.3.3 African Experience 163
Section 6.4 Analysis of the Power-Sharing Model 165
6.4.1 Analysis of the Literature Review 166
6.4.2 Socio-Economic Role in Consociational Power-Sharing Model 167
6.4.3 Why Should It Work for China? 168
Section 6.5 China and the Han-Uyghur Conflict 172
6.5.1 The Han-Uyghur Ethnic Conflict 172
6.5.2 The Favorable Factors for Consociational Model in Xinjiang, China 173
6.5.3 Why Consociationalism could United China? Conclusion on the Favorable Conditions 183
Section 6.6 Conclusion 185

Chapter Seven Conclusion 187
Section 7.1 Research Interests of this Study 187
Section 7.2 Findings of this Study 189
Section 7.3 Contributions and Implications of this Study 192


Bibliography 196

Appendices
Appendix 1 Map of Central Asia, China, and Xinjiang 211
Appendix 2 Map of Xinjiang 212
Appendix 3 List of the Main Cities in Xinjiang (English, Uyghur, Chinese pinyin, and Chinese character) 213

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