壓縮膨發處理已被證明為一新穎的萃取前處理方法，被用來提升萃取植物抗氧化物的含量，在本研究中，利用壓縮膨發來對蘆薈(42.47 g/g)及五葉松(1.61 g/g)做試驗，探討不同含水量及不同乾燥方法造成的影響，利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)可以發現樣品表面在前處理過後出現許多微孔，藉由水銀測孔儀(MIP)，發現熱乾燥的蘆薈經壓縮膨發後，總孔隙面積從2.16上升到13.59 m2/g，冷凍乾燥的蘆薈則是從2.39上升到9.64 m2/g。當熱乾燥後蘆薈含水量在1 g/g，經前處理後所得到的抗氧化物含量為未處理的2.6倍，反觀冷凍乾燥後的蘆薈(1 g/g)，抗氧化物含量僅上升1.6倍。且當壓縮膨發溫度為180、200、220ºC時，臨界含水量個別為0.33、1、1.5 g/g。另外對熱乾燥後的五葉松進行壓縮膨發處理，在同樣的前處理條件下，可以發現一樣在1 g/g含水量時會有最大的提升效果，多酚含量從未處理的19.2上升到51.4 GAE mg/g DW，抗氧化能力由137.9上升到392.8 TE umol/g DW。藉由乾燥的過程再加上壓縮膨發的前處理，可以使得在特定含水量下，有最大的萃取含量，得到比未乾燥的原樣品有更好的壓縮膨發效果。

Compressional-puffing pretreatment recently has been reported to become a novel method used to increase the extraction yields from plants. In this study, two plants, aloe vera (42.47 g/g) and pinus morrisonicola (1.61 g/g), were dried to different moisture content and conducted under the same pretreatment and extraction process. SEM pictures showed that a large amount of small pores appeared after pretreatment. MIP results indicated that the total pore area increased from 2.16 to 13.59 m2/g for thermal-dried aloe pieces and from 2.39 to 9.64 m2/g for freeze-dried aloe pieces. When the thermal-dried aloe was 1 g/g, the results showed a 2.5 fold increase in the extraction yields of antioxidant compounds after 200 ºC and 20 seconds pretreatment. But when the freeze-dried aloe was 1 g/g, the treated one was only 1.6 times the untreated. For different puffing temperature 180, 200 and 220 ºC, the critical moisture content were 0.33, 1 and 1.5 g/g respectively when the highest extraction yields occurred. On the other hand, for thermal-dried pine needles, the largest enhancement of antioxidants occurred also at 1 g/g under the same condition, which increased from 19.2 to 51.4 GAE mg/g DW of phenolic compounds and from 137.9 to 392.8 TE umol/g DW of antioxidant activity. By using a simple step of drying, higher enhancement of extraction yields could be obtained than the original sample.

中文摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
ABBREVIATION LIST xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature review 4
2.1 Aloe vera and its applications 4
2.2 Pinus morrisonicola and its applications 6
2.3 Drying characteristics 8
2.4 Compressional-puffing pretreatment 12
2.5 Batch solvent extraction of antioxidant compounds 15
2.6 Antioxidant compounds 17
2.6.1 Phenolic compounds 17
2.6.2 Antioxidant activity 21
Chapter 3 Materials and methods 22
3.1 Chemicals and materials 22
3.1.1 Chemicals 22
3.1.2 Materials 22
3.2 Drying methods 23
3.2.1 Thermal-drying 23
3.2.2 Freeze-drying 24
3.3 Compressional-puffing pretreatment and extraction process 25
3.3.1 Compressional-puffing pretreatment 25
3.3.2 Batch solvent extraction process 25
3.4 Analysis methods 26
3.4.1 Total flavonoids content (TFC) 26
3.4.2 Total phenolic content (TPC) 27
3.4.3 DPPH radical scavenging assay 28
3.4.4 ABTS radical scavenging activity 30
3.4.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 31
3.4.6 Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) 32
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 33
4.1 Drying characteristics 33
4.2 Effects of compressional-puffing pretreatment on aloe 41
4.2.1 Morphological changes 41
4.2.2 Pore size distribution 45
4.2.3 Moisture content decreases after compressional-puffing pretreatment 49
4.3 Antioxidant capability at different moisture content aloe w/wo puffing 52
4.3.1 Aloe under thermal-drying 52
4.3.2 Aloe under freeze-drying 59
4.3.3 The relationship between antioxidant capability and moisture content difference 63
4.3.4 The difference between thermal-drying and freeze-drying 66
4.4 Puffing temperature effects on critical moisture content 74
4.4.1 Puffing temperature at 180 ºC for 20 seconds 74
4.4.2 Puffing temperature at 200 ºC for 20 seconds 77
4.4.3 Puffing temperature at 220 ºC for 20 seconds 80
4.4.4 Puffing temperature effects on critical moisture content 83
4.4.5 Discussion of critical moisture content affected by puffing temperature 85
4.5 Antioxidant capability at different moisture content pine needles w/wo puffing 89
Chapter 5 Conclusions 94
REFERENCE 96

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