本研究主要目的有二:(1)探討年齡、時期及世代對睡眠的獨立效果;
(2)控制家庭與工作的影響，釐清年齡、時期及世代對睡眠的淨效果。
本研究以中央研究院社會學研究所執行之「臺灣社會變遷基本調查」作為資料來源，使用調查時間橫跨1995年至2015年間，共14筆包含「睡眠作息時間」調查的資料，總分析樣本數為27573人，並採用交叉分類隨機效應模型進行分析。
本研究之研究發現為:(1)在睡眠的年齡-時期-世代獨立效果上，年齡、時期及世代分別對就寢時間、熬夜類型及睡眠長度有獨立效果。
(2)在睡眠的年齡-時期-世代淨效果方面，考量家庭與工作影響因素後，年齡分別對就寢時間、熬夜類型及睡眠長度有淨效果，年齡愈增加較偏向非典型就寢時間、非典型熬夜類型，以及偏少或適量睡眠長度;時期分別對就寢時間、熬夜類型及睡眠長度有淨效果，相對而言，愈近代時期之民眾較偏向熬夜就寢時間、輕度熬夜類型、偏少或適量睡眠長度;世代分別對就寢時間、熬夜類型及睡眠長度亦有淨效果，相較於早期世代，年輕世代開始出現偏向熬夜或非典型就寢時間、不同程度熬夜的類型、偏少或偏多的睡眠長度。

This study has two purposes: (1) to explore the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on sleep;
(2) to clarify the net age, period, and cohort effects on sleep as controlling for the influence of family and work;Using 14 waves data included reports of sleep schedule data from the Survey of Taiwan Social Change,
implemented by the Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.The sample consists of 27573 respondents over period 1995--2015.Cross-classified random effects model are utilized to analyze age-period-cohort independent effect.The results show that this study provides support for the independent effect of age, period and cohort on sleep.Moreover, after controlling for the influence of family and work,there are net age effect, net period effect and net cohort effect on sleep.
Furthermore, as age increases, people tend to non-typical sleep time, non-typical type of staying up late and lower or adequate sleep length.People who live in modern period are relatively inclined to stay-up-late sleep time, mild type of staying up late and lower or adequate sleep length.Relatively speaking, young cohorts have a tendency towards stay-up-late or non-typical sleep time,staying up late and lower or higher sleep length.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究背景與目的 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 研究重要性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
第二章 文獻與研究假設 8
2.1 睡眠之概念意義及測量 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.1 就寢時間. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 熬夜類型 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.3 睡眠長度 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 睡眠變遷:睡眠的年齡-時期-世代效應 . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1 就寢時間的年齡-時期-世代效應 . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 熬夜類型的年齡-時期-世代效應. . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 睡眠長度的年齡-時期-世代效應. . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 影響睡眠的個人因素及相關研究 . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.1 性別與睡眠 . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.2 婚姻狀態與睡眠. . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.3 家庭經濟環境與睡眠 . . . . . . 32
2.3.4 工作狀態與睡眠 . . . . . . . . . 33
第三章 研究設計 34
3.1 資料來源 . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 變項測量 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.1 依變項:睡眠 . . . . . . 37
3.2.2 年齡、時期與世代. . . . . . . . 40
3.2.3 控制變項. . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 資料處理與樣本清理流程 . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 分析策略與程序 . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.1 樣本特性分析 . . . . . . . 49
3.4.2 年齡、時期及世代對睡眠的獨立效果 . . . . . 51
3.4.3 年齡、時期及世代對睡眠的淨效果. . . . 53
第四章 分析結果 56
4.1 樣本特性分析 . . . . . . . . 56
4.1.1 臺灣民眾就寢時間之分布特性 . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.2 臺灣民眾熬夜類型之分布特性 . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.1.3 臺灣民眾睡眠長度之分布特性 . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2 睡眠的年齡-時期-世代獨立效果. . . . . . 74
4.2.1 就寢時間的年齡-時期-世代獨立效果 . . . . . . . . 74
4.2.2 熬夜類型的年齡-時期-世代獨立效果 . . . . . . . 76
4.2.3 睡眠長度的年齡-時期-世代獨立效果. . . . . . . . . 78
4.3 睡眠的年齡-時期-世代淨效果 . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.1 就寢時間的年齡-時期-世代淨效果 . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3.2 熬夜類型的年齡-時期-世代淨效果 . . . . . . . . 85
4.3.3 睡眠長度的年齡-時期-世代淨效果. . . . . . . . 90
第五章 結論與討論 103
5.1 結論與討論 . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.1.1 臺灣民眾就寢時間變遷之意涵. . . . . . . . . 103
5.1.2 臺灣民眾熬夜類型變遷之意涵 . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.3 臺灣民眾睡眠長度變遷之意涵. . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2 建議. . . . . . . . . 108
參考文獻 110
附錄 121

參考文獻
行政院主計處. (1995). 中華民國臺灣地區社會指標統計. 台北:行政院主計處.
──. (2000). 台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查報告—時間運用. 台北:行政院主計處.
──. (2001). 台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查報告—健康安全. 台北:行政院主計處.
──. (2004). 台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查報告—時間運用. 台北:行政院主計處.
──. (2005). 台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查報告—健康安全. 台北:行政院主計處.
──. (2005). 社會指標統計年報. 台北:行政院主計處.
──. (2014). 國民幸福指數年報. 台北:行政院主計處.
高金國、李博等. (2012). 黃帝內經養生手冊: 北京:化學工業出版社.
張書森、李明濱. (2003). 老年人之睡眠障礙. 臺灣醫學, 7(4), 602-610.
張嬌飛、王靜、李媛. (2011). 圖解黃帝內經十二時辰養生: 北京:人民軍醫出版社.
連靜雯、劉伯祥. (2001). 年齡及日韻律型態對輪班護理人員睡眠之影響. 人因工程學刊, 3(1), 57-63.
陳妤瑄、張世沛. (2012). 探討睡眠時間與身體質量指數之相關性. 運動與遊憩研究, 7(1), 68-78.
葉世彬. (2003a). 老年人的睡眠問題. 台灣醫界, 46(9).
──. (2003b). 睡眠清醒週期紊亂的相關疾病. 台灣醫界, 46(2).
詹欣隆、黃偉新、鄒孟婷. (2011). 睡眠時間長短與成人健康風險行爲之探討—給職場工作者之建議. 中華職業醫學雜誌, 18(3), 153-164.
Åkerstedt, Torbjörn. (2003). Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occupational medicine, 53(2), 89-94.
Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, Knutsson, A., Westerholm, P., Theorell, Töres, Alfredsson, L., & Kecklund, Göran. (2002). Sleep disturbances, work stress and work hours: a cross-sectional study. Journal of psychosomatic research, 53(3), 741-748.
Ailshire, J. A., & Burgard, S. A. (2012). Family Relationships and Troubled Sleep among U.S. Adults: Examining the Influences of Contact Frequency and Relationship Quality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(2), 248-262.
Allison, P. D. (2002). Missing data (Vol. 136): Sage publications.
Ancoli-Israel, S. (2009). Sleep and its disorders in aging populations. Sleep medicine, 10, S7-S11.
Arendt, J. (2010). Shift work: coping with the biological clock. Occupational medicine, 60(1), 10-20.
Asarnow, L. D., McGlinchey, E., & Harvey, A. G. (2014). The effects of bedtime and sleep duration on academic and emotional outcomes in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(3), 350-356.
Basner, M., Fomberstein, K. M., Razavi, F. M., Banks, S., William, J. H., Rosa, R. R., & Dinges, D. F. (2007). American time use survey: sleep time and its relationship to waking activities. SLEEP-NEW YORK THEN WESTCHESTER, 30(9), 1085.
Biddle, J. E., & Hamermesh, D. S. (1989). Sleep and the Allocation of Time.
Burazeri, G., Gofin, J., & Kark, J. D. (2003). Over 8 hours of sleep—marker of increased mortality in Mediterranean population: follow-up population study. Croatian medical journal, 44(2), 193-198.
Burgard, S. A. (2011). The Needs of Others: Gender and Sleep Interruptions for Caregivers. Social Forces, 89(4), 1189-1215.
Burgard, S. A., & Ailshire, J. A. (2009). Putting Work to Bed: Stressful Experiences on the Job and Sleep Quality. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(4), 476-492.
Burgard, S. A., & Ailshire, J. A. (2013). Gender and time for sleep among US adults. American Sociological Review, 78(1), 51-69.
Burgess, H. J., & Eastman, C. I. (2004). Early versus late bedtimes phase shift the human dim light melatonin rhythm despite a fixed morning lights on time. Neuroscience letters, 356(2), 115-118.
Cajochen, C., Kräuchi, K., & Wirz-Justice, A. (2003). Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep. Journal of neuroendocrinology, 15(4), 432-437.
Cappuccio, F. P., D''Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010). Quantity and Quality of Sleep and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes care, 33(2), 414-420.
Cardinali, D. P., & Pévet., Paul. (1998). Basic aspects of melatonin action. Sleep medicine reviews, 2(3), 175-190.
Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2011). Normal Human Sleep: An Overview. In M. H. Kryger, T.Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (5 ed., pp. 16-26): St.Louis: Elsevier Saunders.
Chatzitheochari, S., & Arber, S. (2009). Lack of sleep, work and the long hours culture: evidence from the UK Time Use Survey. Work, Employment & Society, 23(1), 30-48.
Chen, J.-H., Waite, L. J., & Lauderdale, D. S. (2015). Marriage, Relationship Quality, and Sleep among U.S. Older Adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior.
Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2008). Is sleep essential? PLoS Biol, 6(8), e216.
Dubocovich, M. L. (2007). Melatonin receptors: role on sleep and circadian rhythm regulation. Sleep medicine, 8, 34-42.
Dzaja, A., Arber, S., Hislop, J., Kerkhofs, M., Kopp, C., Pollmächer, Thomas, & others. (2005). Women''s sleep in health and disease. Journal of psychiatric research, 39(1), 55-76.
Epstein, L., & Mardon, S. (2007). Challenging Sleep Situations: Jet Lag, Shift Work, and Drowsy Driving The Harvard Medical School guide to a good night''s sleep: McGraw Hill Professional.
──. (2007). My Child Doesn''t Sleep Well, So I Don''t Either The Harvard Medical School guide to a good night''s sleep: McGraw Hill Professional.
Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Cappuccio, F. P., Brunner, E., Miller, M. A., Kumari, M., & Marmot, M. G. (2007). A prospective study of change in sleep du-ration; associations with mortality in the whitehall II cohort. Sleep, 30(12), 1659-1666.
Foley, D. J., Monjan, A. A., Brown, S. L., Simonsick, E. M., & others. (1995). Sleep complaints among elderly persons: an epidemiologic study of three communities. Sleep: Journal of Sleep Research & Sleep Medicine.
Fossum, I. N., Nordnes, L. T., Storemark, S. S., Bjorvatn, Bjørn, & Pallesen, Ståle. (2014). The association between use of electronic media in bed before going to sleep and insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness, and chronotype. Behavioral sleep medicine, 12(5), 343-357.
Friedman, E. M., Love, G. D., Rosenkranz, M. A., Urry, H. L., Davidson, R. J., Singer, B. H., & Ryff, C. D. (2007). Socioeconomic status predicts objective and subjective sleep quality in aging women. Psychosomatic medicine, 69(7), 682-691.
Gay, C. L., Lee, K. A., & Lee, S.Y. (2004). Sleep Patterns and Fatigue in New Mothers and Fathers. Biological Research For Nursing, 5(4), 311-318.
Hale, L. (2005). Who has time to sleep? Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 205-211.
Hardeland, Rüdiger, diger, Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & Cardinali, D. P. (2006). Melatonin. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 38(3), 313-316.
Hippel, V., & Paul, T. (2007). Regression with missing Ys: An improved strategy for analyzing multiply imputed data. Sociological Methodology, 37(1), 83-117.
Hislop, J., & Arber, S. (2003). Sleepers wake! The gendered nature of sleep disruption among mid-life women. Sociology, 37(4), 695-711.
Kang, J.-H., & Chen, S.-C. (2009). Effects of an irregular bedtime schedule on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue among university students in Taiwan. BMC public health, 9(1), 1.
Keyes, K. M., Maslowsky, J., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J. (2015). The great sleep recession: Changes in sleep duration among US adolescents, 1991--2012. Pediatrics, 135(3), 460-468.
Klein, D. C. (2015). The Pineal Gland and Melatonin Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric (7 ed., pp. 312-322): Elsevier Health Sciences.
Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2007). Job stress and poor sleep quality: Data from an American sample of full-time workers. Social Science & Medicine, 64(10), 1997 - 2007.
Knutson, K. L., Ryden, A. M., Mander, B. A., & Van Cauter, E. (2006). role of sleep duration and quality in the risk and severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(16), 1768-1774.
Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002). Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Archives of general psychiatry, 59(2), 131-136.
Krueger, P. M., & Friedman, E. M. (2009). Sleep duration in the United States: a cross-sectional population-based study. American journal of epidemiology, 169(9), 1052-1063.
Lombardi, D. A., Folkard, S., Willetts, J. L., & Smith, G. S. (2010). Daily sleep, weekly working hours, and risk of work-related injury: US National Health Interview Survey (2004--2008). Chronobiology international, 27(5), 1013-1030.
Maume, D. J. (2013). Social ties and adolescent sleep disruption. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54(4), 498-515.
Maume, D. J., Sebastian, R. A., & Bardo, A. R. (2009). Gender Differences in Sleep Disruption among Retail Food Workers. American Sociological Review, 74(6), 989-1007.
──. (2010). Gender, Work-Family Responsibilities, and Sleep. Gender & Society, 24(6), 746-768.
Meadows, R., & Arber, S. (2015). Marital Status, Relationship Distress, and Self-rated Health: What Role for ''Sleep Problems''? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 56(3), 341-355.
Merikanto, I., Lahti, T., Puusniekka, R., & Partonen, T. (2013). Late bedtimes weaken school performance and predispose adolescents to health hazards. Sleep medicine, 14(11), 1105-1111.
Moore, P. J., Adler, N. E., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2002). Socioeconomic status and health: the role of sleep. Psychosomatic medicine, 64(2), 337-344.
Neikrug, A. B., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2009). Sleep disorders in the older adult--a mini-review. Gerontology, 56(2), 181-189.
Ohayon, M. (1996). Epidemiological study on insomnia in the general population. Sleep, 19(3 Suppl), S7-15.
Pace-Schott, E. F., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2011). Age-related changes in the cognitive function of sleep Enhancing Performance for Action and Perception: Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics (pp. 75-89): Elsevier.
Patel, S. R., Ayas, N. T., Malhotra, M. R., White, D. P., Schernhammer, E. S., Speizer, F. E., Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B. (2004). A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women. SLEEP-NEW YORK THEN WESTCHESTER, 27(3), 440-444.
Reiter, R. J. (1993). The melatonin rhythm: both a clock and a calendar. Experientia, 49(8), 654-664.
Richardson, G. S. (2005). The human circadian system in normal and disordered sleep. The journal of clinical psychiatry, 66(suppl 9), 3-9.
Rosen, L., Carrier, L. M., Miller, A., Rokkum, J., & Ruiz, A. (2016). Sleeping with technology: cognitive, affective, and technology usage predictors of sleep problems among college students. Sleep Health, 2(1), 49-56.
Rubin, D. B. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63(3), 581-592.
Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 843-861.
Schmidt, C., Peigneux, P., & Cajochen, C. (2012). Age-Related Changes in Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Impact on Cognitive Performance and Underlying Neuroanatomical Networks. Front Neurol, 3: 118.(118), 1-11.
Sherman, R. P. (2000). Tests of certain types of ignorable nonresponse in surveys subject to item nonresponse or attrition. American Journal of Political Science, 362-374.
Stamatakis, K. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Roberts, R. E. (2007). Short sleep duration across income, education, and race/ethnic groups: population prevalence and growing disparities during 34 years of follow-up. Annals of epidemiology, 17(12), 948-955.
Steptoe, A., O''Donnell, K., Marmot, M., & Wardle, J. (2008). Positive affect, psychological well-being, and good sleep. Journal of psychosomatic research, 64(4), 409-415.
Troxel, W. M., Buysse, D. J., Hall, M., & Matthews, K. A. (2009). Marital happiness and sleep disturbances in a multi-ethnic sample of middle-aged women. Behavioral sleep medicine, 7(1), 2-19.
Troxel, W. M., Buysse, D. J., Matthews, K. A., Kravitz, H. M., Bromberger, J. T., Sowers, M., & Hall, M. H. (2010). Marital/cohabitation status and history in relation to sleep in midlife women. Sleep, 33(7), 973-981.
Venn, S., Arber, S., Meadows, R., & Hislop, J. (2008). The fourth shift: exploring the gendered nature of sleep disruption among couples with children. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(1), 79-97.
Vitiello, M. V. (2012). Sleep in normal aging. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 7(3), 539-544.
Yang, Y. (2008). Social inequalities in happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: An age-period-cohort analysis. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 204-226.
──. (2011). Aging, Cohorts, and Methods Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 17-30): Academic Press.
Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2006). A mixed models approach to the age-period-cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys, with an application to data on trends in verbal test scores. Sociological Methodology, 36(1), 75-97.
──. (2008). Age-period-cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys: fixed or random effects? Sociological methods & research, 36(3), 297-326.
Yuan, Y. C. (2010). Multiple imputation for missing data: Concepts and new development (Version 9.0). SAS Institute Inc, Rockville, MD, 49.
Zee, P. C., & Turek, F. W. (2006). Sleep and health: Everywhere and in both directions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(16), 1686-1688.