臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

二氧化鈦因為其化學穩性佳，有著良好的光催化能力和對環境的友善性，近幾年來被廣泛的應用。其中材料合成的結晶形態上，因為混合相一維奈米結構擁有載子移動優良、光應用性佳和利於光電催化反應等特性，特別受關注。然而受限於二氧化鈦本身成長偏好的限制，傳統溶液相合成多以懸浮於溶液中的顆粒經離心、煅燒的方式取得材料，難以合成出垂直基材表面成長的大規模混相態二氧化鈦奈米柱陣列薄膜。在本研究中，利用基材濺鍍層與金紅石相二氧化鈦的結晶結構相似的概念，設計出雙面二氧化鈦奈米柱陣列電極，並在兩面分別沉積上性能相異的量子點達到大幅提升光分解水產氫的效率。再者，透過對溶液中二氧化鈦成長單體的認識，成功的利用固體前驅物有效地動態改變了溶液中酸度、鈦和氯離子濃度，營造一混和相二氧化鈦奈米柱陣列薄膜可成長之水溶液。最後，因為水溶液的成長環境其鈦前驅物水解結晶的速度相當快且難以控制，透過有機溶液為主的成長環境，達到以顆粒彼此聚合的成長方式來合成垂直成長於基材表面的混和相一維二氧化鈦奈米柱陣列薄膜，並透過同步輻射光源針對不同相聚合產生介面的缺陷分析。缺陷變化趨勢與光催化能力進步幅度一致說明了在成長異質同相的介面所產生的缺陷有助於材料光催化能力的增進。雖然晶體的成長過程相當複雜且依然還有許多部份是未知，但透過更基礎的方式去理解，可以設計出更適合特定應用的材料特性。

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has extensive technological applications because of its chemical stability, general reactivity, high photocatalytic activity, and nontoxicity. 1D-nanostructures arrays with heterogeneous phases which provided effective charge separation and collection and enhanced photocatalytic activity aroused wildly attention. Reports about the conventional solution-based method for synthesizing heterogeneous phase 1D TiO2 nanorod which is suspended in solution and obtained by centrifugation and sintering are hard to preserve as a large-scale film. Thus, geometrically 1D nanostructured arrays offer unique properties that are difficult to synthesize by conventional solution-based method. In this thesis, the double-sided CdS and CdSe co-sensitized 1D TiO2 photoelectrode was achieved due to epitaxial relation between the FTO substrate and rutile TiO2 with a small lattice mismatch, leading hight solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency. Besides, the TiO2 growth monomers in solution was well adjusted by adding the additional solid-state precursor, forming the anatase growth-friendly condition. At last, the nonaqueous approaches provides better control over reaction rates than that in aqueous dominant condition. The anatase/rutile heterogeneous TiO2 crystal structure in hierarchical architecture was implemented through forming the hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces in solvent-based environment. This specially shaped nanostructures with interface defects was achieved by introducing the oriented attachment growth mechanism, providing enhanced photocatalytic activity and remarkable crystalline phase stability. Although the nucleation and condensation process are still too complex to fully comprehend, understanding the growth mechanism will be a useful strategy for the artificial material synthesis.

Dissertation Verification I
誌謝 II
摘要 III
Abstract IV
Contents VI
Figure Caption VIII
Table Caption XIII
Chapter 1: Introduction 14
1.1 Structure of nanocrystalline TiO2 17
1.2 Crystal growth 20
1.2.1 The classical nucleation theory 21
1.2.2 Oriented attachment 23
1.3 Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles 25
1.3.1 Aqueous method 25
1.3.2 Nonaqueous method 31
1.4 Synthesis of 1D TiO2 nanomaterials 36
1.5 Objective and research motivation 40
1.6 References 43
Chapter 2: Experimental section 51
2.1 Chemicals 51
2.2 Characterization 52
2.2.1 Scanning electron microscope, SEM 52
2.2.2 Focused ion beam, FIB 53
2.2.3 Transmission electron microscopy, TEM 54
2.2.4 X-ray diffraction, XRD 56
2.2.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR 57
2.2.6 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, UV-Vis 58
2.3 Synchrotron based X-ray spectroscopy 58
2.3.1 Scanning photoelectron microscopy, SPEM 58
2.3.2 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, XAS 59
2.3.3 Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, RIXS 61
2.4 References 62
Chapter 3: The tandem structure of QD co-sensitized TiO2 nanorod ar-rays for solar light driven hydrogen generation 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Experimental section 67
3.2.1 QD Sensitization TiO2 photoelectrode fabrication 67
3.2.2 Characterization 69
3.2.3 Photoelectrochemical measurements 70
3.3 Results and discussion 71
3.3.1 Morphology and structure characterization of QD sensitization TiO2 71
3.3.2 One-sided QD sensitization TiO2 75
3.3.3 Double-sided tandem structure of QD co-sensitization TiO2 87
3.4 Conclusion 93
3.5 References 94
Chapter 4: Transparent free-standing film of 1D rutile/anatse TiO2 nanorod arrays by one-step hydrothermal process 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Experimental section 105
4.2.1 Sample fabrication 105
4.2.2 Scanning photoelectron microscopy at Ti L-edge 106
4.2.3 The degradation of methyl blue (MB) by UV irradiation 106
4.3 Results and discussion 107
4.4 Conclusion 121
4.5 References 122
Chapter 5: Oriented attached growth heterogeneous crystal structure in hierarchical architecture with enhanced photocatalytic activity 130
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Experimenatl section 134
5.2.1 Synthesis of HA (hierarchical architecture) _TiO2 nanorod arrays with heterogeneous structure 134
5.2.2 Materials characterization 135
5.2.3 Synchrotron based X-ray spectroscopy and data analysis 136
5.2.4 Photocatalytic activity test 136
5-3 Results and discussion 138
5.4 Conclusion 164
5.5 References 165
Chapter 6: Conclusion and prospect 174

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