這是一本談論菲律賓跨國原住民族運動的抗爭研究民族誌。雖然說是抗爭研究，卻並不只是單向的從抗爭角度切入而已，我更試圖將國家治理的面向拉進來一起討論。而在這裡我主要對話的對象會是 James Scott，他在馬來西亞的農民抗爭研究講的是外來的資本主義生產方式進入到地方以後，窮人如何因著其與富人相互依存的關係在日常生活中抵抗，藉此抵抗達到制衡甚至改變富人權力實踐的效果。菲律賓自 1980 年代後期推動一連串去中心化、私有化的治理政策改革，這些舉措同樣改變了宰制者與被宰制者間的關係；只不過菲律賓這個田野的現象又更為複雜，因為運動者同時也嘗試進來利用同樣的機制推行其組織動員工作，他們更試圖要與政府爭奪主導權。當居民不願意輕言放棄國家能夠給予他們的發展機會，也沒有要完全接受運動者所欲構築的未來生活圖像，他們便嘗試透過日常反抗形式的手段，既不與國家為敵，也還是能夠取得運動者所帶入的資源。更重要的是，他們希望藉此改變國家與開發公司原先在開發計畫申請過程中的蠻橫作為，同時又可以在國家和運動者之間夾縫中求自主。在這樣的基礎上，我將透過探究國家與運動者兩種權力的運作模式，同時那些被打造出來的權力主體究竟是怎麼樣回應宰制者各項社會計畫的召喚與動員。這樣的切入角度有助於我們重新檢視 1980 年代由 James Scott 開創出來的學術理路，透過抗爭研究釐清霸權以及治理性概念在當代面臨的新課題。

This is an ethnography of international indigenous movement in the Philippines. The aim of the study is to understand the indigenous movement not only from the aspects of resistance, but also from the aspects of governance. Based on this concern, I would like to reflect on the concept of the “everyday forms of resistance.” Especially since the Philippine government started to revise the local government code and the other related policies in the late 1980s, the relationship between the dominant and the oppressed are changed a lot. That is, both government and activists use NGO/PO as their organizing mechanism, and it causes the locals neither identify who to fight nor who to cooperate with. According to the phenomenon, I argue that the locals would use the everyday forms of resistance as their strategies to make sure they would get the most safty or benefit when they are in the slot between the government and the activists. Therefore, I would like to describe how the government and activist established their power relations between the locals. Then, how the locals considered and practiced within these two different power relations. Finally, I tried to reflect on the concept of the “everyday forms of resistance” and even the issue about the hegemony and governance.

摘要 i
目次 iii
圖目錄 iv
表目錄 iv
第一章 抗爭 1
第一節 威廉之死 1
第二節 田野與抗爭中的「我們」 10
第三節 難以被言說的歷史與人 22
第二章 誰是敵人？ 33
第一節 以區域自治為目標的地方治理私有化 35
第二節 組織工作的政治路線之爭 45
第三節 相互試探、角力的抗爭者與被抗爭者 56
第四節 工作之餘，我們為何組織？ 66
第三章 做為一個不斷抵抗的原住民 78
第一節 我們都是Igorot人：菲共影響下的原住民族運動 81
第二節 土地是生命的泉源 91
第三節 為什麼是這樣（Kelai ngo iya）？ 101
第四節 我們和世界站在一起好嗎？ 108
第五節 從政治問題變成文化問題的抗爭 117
第四章 夾縫中反抗的行動者 130
第一節 難以輕易順服的當地居民 133
第二節 如果別人稱我為新人民軍，那還真是件羞恥的事 142
第三節 與祖先一脈相連的夢 154
第四節 走出自己的一條路 165
第五章 結論 180
第一節 再探日常反抗形式的理論意涵 181
第二節 前瞻：正視多重權力運作形式共存的當代現象 190
第三節 研究限制 193
引用文獻 194

史陽
　2011 《菲律賓民間文學》。寧夏：寧夏人民教育出版社。
黃郁倫
　2012 〈科地埃拉日：菲律賓北呂宋島高地的原住民族運動〉，《文化驛站》31: 31-35。
賴奕諭
2014 〈原住民抗爭運動與地方網絡：以菲律賓科地雷拉日為例〉。「臺灣人類學與民族學學會曁世界人類學會聯合會—2014聯合年會」宣讀論文，國立政治大學綜合院館，10月3-4日。
2016 〈反美親中？杜特地政府為何鎮壓反美抗議者？〉。「端傳媒」，https://theinitium. com/article/20161020-opinion-LarryLai-Philippines/，2017年2月12日上線。
顧玉珍
　2002 〈科地雷拉之火：菲律賓原住民的生命之歌〉，《人權雜誌》6: 46-51。
Abansi, Corazon L.
　2011 ADSDPP as Roadmap to Sustainable Future of IP Communities. The Cordillera Review Journal of Philippine Culture and Society 3(2): 165-190.
Abu-Lughod, Lila
1990 The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power Through Bedouin Women. American Ethnologist 17(1): 41-55.
Afable, Patricia
　1989 Language, Culture and Society in a Kallahan Community, Northern Luzon, Philippines. Ph. D. dissertation. Yale University
　2004 Notes for an Ethnohistory of the Southern Cordillera, Northern Luzon: A Focus on Kalanguya. The Journal of History 50(1-4): 152-174.
Albano, Adrian and Shinya Takeda
　2014 Conserving Forests in Privatized Commons: Trends and Management Options in an Ifugao Village, Philippines. Small-scale Forest 13(1): 1-17.
Albano, Adrian, Els van Dongen, and Shinya Takeda
　2015 Legal Pluralism, Forest Conservation, and Indigenous Capitalists: The Case of the Kalanguya in Tinoc, the Philippines. Nature and Culture 10(1): 103-127.
Ambay, Mark
　2016 19 Years of Deceit: The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act in the Philippines. In iFiles: Indigenous Peoples’ Struggles in the Philippines. IPMSDL ed, Pp. 8-16. Quezon City: IPMSDL.
Antolin, Francisco
　1970 [1789] Notices of the Pagan Igorots in 1789. William Henry Scott, trans. Asian Folklore Studies 29: 177-253.
Bagamaspad, Anavic, Zenaida Hamada-Pawid, and Bell Balangoy
　1985 A People’s History of Benguet Province. Baguio: Baguio Printing and Publishing Company.
Baggo, Jude
　2013 Militarizing Development and Humanitarian Services: The Cordillera Experience. Paper presented at the Cordillera People’s Development Conference, Baguio City, November 7-9.
Barrows, David P.
　1910 The Negrito and Allied Types in the Philippines. American Anthropologist 12(3): 358-376.
Barton, R. F.
　1969 [1919] Ifugao Law. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Beans, Robert Bennett
　1913 Notes on the Hairy Men of the Philippine Islands and Elsewhere. American Anthropologist 15(3): 415-424.
Bello, Walden, David Kinley and Vincent Bielski
　1982 Containment in the Countryside. In Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippines. Walden Bello, David Kinley, and Elaine Elinson, eds. Pp. 67-100. San Franciso: Institute for Food and Development Policy Philippine Solidarity Network.
Bertrand, Jacques
　2011 ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Rights’ as a Strategy of Ethnic Accommodation: Contrasting Experiences of Cordillerans and Papuans in the Philippines and Indonesia. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(5): 850-869.
 
Bessire, Lucas
　2014 The Rise of Indigenous Hypermarginality: Native Culture as a Neoliberal Politics of Life. Current Anthropology 55(3): 276-287.
Bowen, John
　2002 Should We Have a Universal Concept of ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Rights’?: Ethnicity and Essentialism in Twenty-first Century. Anthropology Today 16 (4): 12-16.
Brady, Carol
　1979 To Know the Meaning of the Chico Project. Philippine Political Science Journal 6 (9): 114-130.
Brown, Michael
1996 On Resisting Resistance. American Anthropologist 98(4): 729-735.
Bryant, Raymond
　2005 Nongovernmental Organizations in Environmental Struggles: Politics and the Making of Moral Capital in the Philippines. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Buendia, Rizal G.
　1991 The Cordillera Autonomy and the Quest for Nation-Building: Prospects in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Vol. XXXV, No.4.
Canilao, Michael Armand
　2011 Of Gold, Spanish Conquistadors and Ibaloi Generational Memory. Baguio City: Cordillera Studies Center, University of the Philippines.
Castro, Nestor
1987 The Zigzag Route to Self-determination. Diliman Review 35 (5&6): 26-35.
　2000 A Peek into Cordillera History, Culture, and Society: In Search of Self-Determination. In Seven in the Eye of History. Asuncion David Maramba ed, Pp. 160-183. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Casumbal-Salazar, Melisa S. L.
　2015 The Indeterminacy of the Philippine Indigenous Subject: Indigeneity, Temporality, and Cultural Governance. Amerasia Journal 41(1): 74-94.
Clarke, Gerard
　1998 The Politics of NGOs in South-East Asia: Participation and Protest in the Philippines. Routledge.
Clifford, James
　2013 Returns: Becoming Indigenous in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cole, Fay Cooper
　1909 Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes of Northwestern Luzon. American Anthropologist 11(3):329-347.
Contreras, Antonio
1992 The Discourse and Politics of Resistance in the Philippines Uplands. Kasarinlan 7(4): 34-50.
Cordillera Peoples Alliance
　2014 IPRA and NCIP: 17 years of IP Rights Violations. Baguio City: CPA.
Cordillera Resource Center
　1989a Sourcebook on the Central Cordillera Agricultural Program. Baguio City: CRC.
　1989b What is Genuine Regional Autonomy? Cordillera Papers, Monograph No. 1. Baguio City: CRC.
Cordillera Studies Center
　1993 Assessing People’s Participation in Governance: The Case of Ifugao. CSC Issue Paper, 9. Baguio City: University of the Philippines College Baguio, Cordillera Studies Center.
Cordillera Women’s Education Action Research Center
　2013 Training Manual: Para Kadagiti Babai a Treyners ti Kordilyera iti Daga, Makan ken Karbengan. Baguio: CWEAEC.
Daguitan, Florence M.
　2010 The Kalanguya’s Territorial Management: Panangipeptek ni Kalpuan ni Panbiyagan (Caring for our Source of Sustenance). Baguio City: Tebtebba Foundation.
Dove, Michael
　2006 Indigenous People and Environmental Politics. Annual Review of Anthropology 2006. 35: 191-208.
Drucker, Charles
　1985 Dam and Chico: Hydropower Development and Trial Resistance. The Ecologist 15(4): 149-157.
Finin, Gerard
　2005 The Making of the Igorot: Ramut ti Panagkaykaysa dagiti taga Cordillera (Contours of Cordillera Consciousness). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Florendo, Maria
2003 Voices from the Margins: Local History and Indigenous People. The Journal of History 49(1-4): 35-49.
Gatmaytan, Augusto
　2007 Negotiating Autonomy: Case Studies on Philippine Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights. Quezon City: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
German, M. Ace
　2010 The Mountain People of the Philippines: A Review of Selected Literatures. Electronic document, https://www.academia.edu/312568/The_mountain_people_of_the_ Philippines_A_review_of_selected_literatures, accessed March 21, 2017.
Gledhill, John
　2000 Power and its Disguises: Anthropological Perspectives on Politics. London, Sterling & Virginia: Pluto Press.
2012 Introduction: A Case for Rethinking Resistance. In New Approaches to Resistance in Brazil and Mexico. John Gledhill, Patience A. Schell, eds. Pp. 1-36. Durham & London, Duke University Press.
Goda, Toh
　2001 Cordillera: Diversity in Culture Change: Social Anthropology of Hill People in Northern Luzon, Philippines. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
Guerrero, Amado
　1971 Philippine Society and Revolution. Hong Kong: Ta Kung Pao.
 
Hilhorst, Dorothea
　2001 The Power of Discourse: NGOs, Gender and National Democratic Politics. Asian Studies 37(1):1-35.
　2003 The Real World of NGOs: Discourses, Diversity and Development. London: Zedbooks.
Hobsbawm, Eric
　1959 Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Century. New York: Norton.
Hout, Floor van der
　2014 Indigenity in the Cordillera (Philippines): On the Friction Between Localities and Universities. Bachelor Thesis, Department of Cultural Anthropology, Utrecht University.
Hyndman, David
1991 ‘Bodong and Fetad’: Towards Achieving Genuine Autonomy in the Cordillera, Philippines. Social Alternatives 9(4): 20-24.
Ileto, Reynaldo C.
1979 Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Indigenous Learning Institute for Community Empowerment
　2012 Educational Manual on Indigenous Elders and Engagement with Government. Baguio: ILI.
Jung, Courtney
　2003 The Politics of Indigenous Identity: Neoliberalism, Cultural Rights, and the Mexican Zapatistas. Social Research 70 (2): 433-462.
Keesing, Felix
　1962 The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kerkvliet, Benedict
　1982 The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. California: University of California Press.
1990 Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status Relations in a Central Luzon Village. Berkeley: University of California Press.
　1995 Toward a More Comprehensive Analysis of Philippine Politics: Beyond the Patron-Client, Fractional Framework. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26(2): 401-419.
Kirsch, Stuart
　2007 Indigenous Movements and the Risks of Counterglobalization: Tracking the Campaign Against Papua New Guinea’s Ok Tedi Mine. American Ethnologist 34(2): 303-321.
Kuper, Adam
　2003 The Return of the Native. Current Anthropology 44 (3): 389-402.
Lewis, Martin
　1989 Commercialization and Community Life: The Geography of Market Exchange in a Small-Scale Philippine Society. Annals of the American Geographers 79(3): 390-410.
　1992 Wagering the Land: Ritual, Capital, and Environmental Degradation in the Cordillera of Northern Luzon, 1900-1986. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Tania Murray
　2000 Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesian: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot. Comparative Studies in Society and History 42 (1) :149-179.
Magno, Alexander R.
　2010 The Filipino Left at the Crossroads: Current Debates on Strategy and Revolution. In Revisiting Marxism in the Philippines: Selected Essays. Patricio N. Abinales, ed. Pp. 163-183. Pasig City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing Inc.
Malay, Armando Jr.
　2010 The Dialectics of Kaluwagan: Echoes of a 1978 Debate. In Revisiting Marxism in the Philippines: Selected Essays. Patricio N. Abinales, ed. Pp. 140-162. Pasig City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing Inc.
McCormack, Fiona
2011 Levels of Indigeneity: the Maori and Neoliberalism. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.)17: 281-300.
McCoy, Alfred
　2011 Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
McKay, Deirdre
　2006 Rethinking Indigenous Place: Igorot Identity and Locality in the Philippines. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 17(3): 291-306.
Molintas, Jose Mencio
　2004 The Philippine Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Land and Life: Challenging Legal Texts. Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law 21(1): 269-306.
Moore, Donald S.
1998 Subaltern Struggles and the Politics of Place: Remapping Resistance in Zimbabwe’s Eastern Highlands. Cultural Anthropology 13(3): 344-381.
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
　2004 Guidelines on the Formulation of the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP). Quezon City: NCIP.
　2011 Indigenous Peoples Master Plan (2012-2016). Quezon City: NCIP.
　2013 List of Approved CADTs in CAR. Electronic document, http://ncipcar.ph/pdf_files/cadt_issuance.pdf, accessed May 8, 2017.
National Economic and Development Authority
　2010 Regional Development Plan 2011-2016: Cordillera Administrative Region. Electronic document, http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/CAR_RDP_2011- 2016.pdf, accessed January 21, 2017.
Niezen, Ronald
　2003 A New Global Phenomenon. In The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Pp. 1-28. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California.
Novenario, Rose
　2017 Rekrutment ng “Tibak” sa PNP Bukas Na: Para Isabak sa Oplan Tokhang. Electronic document, http://www.hatawtabloid.com/2017/03/01/rekrutment-ng-tibak-sa-pnp-bukas-na-para-isabak-sa-oplan-tokhang/, accessed March 4, 2017.
Ortner, Sherry
　1995 Resistance and the Problem of Ethnography Refusal. Comparative Studies in Society and History 37(1): 173-193.
　2016 Dark Anthropology and its Others: Theory since the Eighties. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6(1): 47-73.
Pagsanghan, Joel
　1993 The Local Government Code of 1991: Opportunity and Challenge. Philippine Studies 41(3): 344-352.
Queripel, John
　1991 ‘Total war’ in the Philippines. Electronic document, https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/total-war-philippines, accessed February 20, 2017.
Rafael, Vicente
1988 Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Resurreccion, Bernadette P.
　1998 Imagining Identities: Ethnicity, Gender, and Discourse in Contesting Resources. In People, Power and Resources in Everyday Life: Critical Essays on the Politics of Environment in the Philippines. Kristina N. Gaerlan, ed. Pp. 89-134. Quezon City: The Institute for Popular Democracy.
　2006 Gender, Identity, and Agency in Philippine Upland Development. Development and Change 37(2): 375-400.
Rice, Delbert
　1978 Anthropology in Development and Integration: The Kalahari Experience. Philippine Sociological Review 26: 127-134.
　2002 The Search for Abundant Life: The History of the Ikalahan of Nueva Vizcaya. Paper presented at the ADHIKA ng Philippines Conference, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, November 27-30.
Rice, Mark
　2014 Dean Worcester’s Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Rosaldo, Renato
　1988 Ideology, Place, and People without Culture. Cultural Anthropology 3(1): 77-87.
Scott, James
　1985 Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1990 Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Scott, William Henry
　1972 The Igorot Struggle for Independence. Quezon City: Malaya Books.
　1974 The Discovery of the Igorots. Quezon City: New Day.
　1982 Cracks in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
Soon, Chuan Yean
　2012 Hidden Transcripts from “Below” in Rural Politics of the Philippines: Interpreting the Janus-facedness of Patron-Client Ties and Tulong (Help). Southeast Asian Studies 1(2): 273-299.
Stainton, Michael
1999 Aboriginal Self-Governance: Taiwan’s Uncompleted Aganda. In Taiwan: A New History, Murray A. Rubinstein ed., Pp. 419-435. London: M. E. Sharpe.
Sterling, Clarie
　1977 All About Big Dams and Peoples’ Movements. Rural Monitor 1 (5): 1-11.
Tolentino, Delfin
1994 Resistance and Revolution in the Cordillera. Baguio: University of the Philippine College Baguio.
Tsing, Anna
　2003 Agrarian Allegory and Global Futures. In Nature in the Global South: Environmental Projects in the South and Southeast Asia, ed. P. Greenough, Anna Tsing, Pp. 124-169. Durham: Duke University Press.
　2009 Indigenous/ Adat: Indigeneity in Motion. In Words in Motion: Toward a Global Lexicon. Carol Gluck and Anna Tsing, eds. Pp.40-64. Durham: Duke University Press.
Umali, Mariane
2007 Brokering Peace among Tribes: How HPI Helping End Hunger and Tribal Wars in Kalinga. Heifer International—Philippines Chronicle 1(2): 6-8.
Wong, Pak Nun
　2006 Outline of an Anthropology of the Modern Philippine State: Political Decentralization, Internal Pacification, and the Strongmen as State Builders. The Journal of Comparative Asian Development 5(2): 247-277.