臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

關於父母分居、離婚後對於未成年子女之安排，除權利義務行使或負擔以外，另一向重要項目為會面交往。就此會面交往之安排，不論我國、國際趨勢上，均以「主要照顧模式」為原則，亦即在父母不再同住之情形下，將子女交由其中一方主要照顧，而另一方僅有於假日時間探視子女。惟自1980年代起，國際上因女性就業率提昇，整體社會結構改變，對於主要照顧模式下，未成年子女經常係交由母親主要照顧，使得母親必須同時承受工作以及養育子女雙重重擔之情形，開始出現檢討聲浪。此外，因法院親權爭訟往往以女性取得壓倒性優勢，父權團體因此亦開始爭取男性於親權爭訟中之權益，共同親權、共同照顧模式之討論開始逐漸增加，倡導即便是在父母分居、離婚後之情形，子女仍應維持與父母同等之接觸，盡量平均分配父母個別照顧子女之時間。
對於共同照顧模式是否有利於子女最佳利益，學說上有相當大之爭執。反對共同照顧模式之論者認為，共同照顧模式使得子女必須奔波來回於父母之間，影響子女生活安定性，且在父母仍有衝突之情形下，可能因過於頻繁之往返導致子女陷入忠誠議題當中，故應選擇父母一方為子女之主要照顧、依附者，始有助於穩定子女身心狀況；支持共同照顧模式者則認為，子女與父母之親情聯繫始為穩定子女身心發展之根本因素，在父母分居、離婚之衝擊下，唯有採取共同照顧模式，使子女能維持與父母間之關係，始能避免子女產生被遺棄之感受，並進而減輕父母離異對於子女身心之衝擊。子女在與父母雙方均能維持穩定親情聯繫之情形下，得以快速適應父母分居、離婚後之新生活，父母則因無需爭執何者較為適於擔任子女主要照顧者，其衝突較容易獲得緩和，減輕因父母衝突對於子女所造成之身心壓力。
本文認為，在父母雙方均有對子女照顧付出、未來雙方亦均有意願照顧子女之情形，共同照顧模式確實應為子女最佳利益安排下所應考慮之方案。惟整理統計我國相關裁判可發現，我國法院實務鮮少採用共同照顧模式，且因關於會面交往模式採用之具體理由往往無法於裁判中看出，本文認為我國法院實務相當可能忽略了共同照顧模式在父母分居、離婚案件中，亦可能屬於符合子女最佳利益之選項。利用現行家事制度下之調解程序、親職教育課程，或者暫時處分引進共同照顧模式之概念，使得正值分居、離婚子女親權及會面交往紛爭之父母子女，得以有傳統所採取之主要照顧模式外之其他選擇，應有助於使得更多家庭紛爭得以盡早落幕，使子女在父母離異後，仍得以擁有來自父母雙方之關愛，生活回歸安定。

Nowadays, the models of meeting and communication with minor child after parental separation or divorce besides custody have a wide variation and remain controversial. Sole physical custody, the most common visitation rule in Taiwanese and international family court after couple’s separation, regulates that children shall reside with and be under the supervision of a single parent while visit the another one only on weekends or holidays.
However, since 1980s, the increased female employment rates and changes in society structure had raised more and more conversations about sole physical custody. One of the reasons is that mothers always undertake the responsibility of raising child, including financial support. Moreover, because women often win the custody war in the court, father’s groups started to fight for their rights in custody procedure, to discuss joint legal custody and joint physical custody.
Therefore, lots of arguments are questioned about whether joint physical custody is in accordance with the best interest of child. The opponents of joint physical custody doubt that children might have to travel back and forth between their parents, which would probably affect the stability of children’s life, especially when parents are still in high conflict. But those who support joint physical custody emphasize on the relationship between parents and children. They believe that adopting joint physical custody is the best way to keep the children from the feeling of loss after parents’ separation. When children can get the stable relationships with both of their parents, they will get used to the new life much faster. In addition, parents won''t need to fight for sole physical custody, which is always where the conflict comes from, if they both agree joint physical custody. As a result, there won’t be so much struggles between parents, and children won’t be suffered about.
This study holds the opinion that, if both parents did pay their effort on raising children in the past and they both want to take care of their children in the future, joint physical custody should be considered as a good choice for children’s best interest. Unfortunately, Taiwanese courts seldom use the concept of joint physical custody, without any specific reason. There’s a very high chance that, the concept of joint physical custody is ignored in Taiwan''s judicial practices. Considering about the system of the Family Proceedings Act in Taiwan, introducing the concept of joint physical custody through mediations, preliminary injunctions or parent education courses might help more parents who are in the custody wars to know a new choice other than sole physical custody, so that they might end the conflict and give their child a stable life as before. The most important is that the children won’t loss any of their parents after parental separation or divorce.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機及目的 1
第二節 研究架構 2
第三節 研究方法及限制 3
第二章 共同照顧模式作為父母分居、離婚後之會面交往模式 5
第一節 分居後之會面交往模式 6
第一項 主要照顧模式 6
第二項 共同照顧模式 6
第二節 共同照顧模式之定義 7
第一項 子女與父母雙方輪流共度時光：父母照顧時間之分配 8
第一款 父母照顧時間之分配定義 8
第二款 對於學說上時間分配比例之批評 10
第三款 共同照顧之時間分配模式 12
第一目 相同比例之時間分配 12
第二目 不均等之時間分配 13
第四款 共同照顧模式與主要照顧模式之時間分配比較 14
第二項 使子女有兩個家 15
第三項 父母共同分配或承擔子女之教養責任 17
第四項 小結 18
第三節 共同照顧模式中之性別觀點 19
第一項 照顧模式中之性別圖像 19
第二項 共同照顧模式中之性別問題研究 20
第三項 女性主義對於共同照顧模式 21
第四項 父權運動下之共同照顧模式 23
第五項 子女應位於父母責任之中心 24
第六項 小結 24
第四節 國際趨勢 25
第三章 採取共同照顧模式之要件探討 26
第一節 父母對子女之態度 26
第二節 父母住所距離近 27
第三節 父母之溝通合作 28
第一項 共同照顧模式與父母溝通合作間有相互影響之正面效益 29
第二項 透過最小程度之溝通達到合作之效果 30
第三項 將父母層面爭執自子女層面中分離 30
第四項 溝通之必要與子女年齡相關 31
第五項 共同照顧模式中溝通不良父母之替代選擇？ 31
第六項 不良溝通之解決方式 32
第七項 小結 33
第四節 父母衝突程度 33
第一項 透過照顧模式之選擇使子女免於衝突？ 34
第二項 觀察衝突之時點 36
第三項 衝突之起因 37
第四項 「高衝突」父母（„Hochstrittige“ Elternpaare） 37
第五項 父母衝突作為程序策略 39
第六項 透過共同照顧模式減少衝突 39
第七項 於高衝突情形下照顧模式之決定 40
第八項 小結 41
第五節 父母對於照顧計畫之彈性 41
第六節 父母子女對於共同照顧模式之採行意願 43
第一項 父母之一方或雙方反對共同照顧模式 43
第一款 主要照顧模式在欠缺父母雙方同意之情形亦會採行 43
第二款 父母之需求應立於子女之後 43
第三款 要求父母雙方均應同意形同給予母親單獨之決定權 44
第四款 應考慮拒絕採行共同照顧模式之理由 44
第五款 一開始對於共同照顧模式有所懷疑並不會有害 45
第六款 父母至少應嘗試採取共同照顧模式 46
第二項 子女拒絕採用共同照顧模式 46
第三項 小結 47
第七節 扶養能力之欠缺 47
第一項 扶養能力欠缺之原因 47
第二項 欠缺扶養能力作為程序策略上之指控 48
第三項 小結 49
第八節 家庭暴力 49
第一項 家庭暴力現實上並未排除共同照顧模式之實行 50
第二項 家庭暴力之形式 51
第三項 家庭暴力案件中之共同照顧模式選擇 52
第一款 排除施暴一方父母照顧、探視子女之目的 52
第二款 家庭暴力對於決定照顧模式之影響 53
第四項 對子女之暴力 55
第五項 小結 55
第九節 共同照顧模式之要件、影響因素概觀 56
第四章 採取共同照顧模式之效果與子女最佳利益 59
第一節 父母分居、離婚對於子女之衝擊 59
第一項 父母分居、離婚對於子女造成之壓力 59
第一款 喪失父母一方 59
第二款 單獨扶養之一方以及子女之經濟壓力 60
第三款 父母間衝突對於子女之負擔 61
第四款 單獨扶養一方之心理狀態 61
第五款 其他因素 62
第二項 父母分居、離婚對於子女造成壓力之平衡 62
第三項 父母分居、離婚後對子女產生之影響探討 64
第一款 父母及子女間之聯繫 65
第二款 過夜對於父母子女聯繫之意義 67
第三款 共親職對子女之影響 69
第四款 父母衝突對於子女產生之影響 70
第五款 共同親權以及父子關係 71
第六款 父母分居、離婚後子女安排之心理學研究發展 71
第七款 小結 73
第二節 採共同照顧模式對於子女之影響 73
第一項 父母子女關係以及情感依附 74
第二項 子女之心理發展及調適 76
第三項 子女對於父母再度復和之願望及想像 79
第四項 子女對於共同照顧之滿意程度 81
第五項 交付或者交換對於子女造成之負擔 83
第六項 對於單一生活中心之需求 86
第七項 時間上穩定性之需求 87
第八項 嬰幼兒之特殊性 90
第九項 小結 91
第三節 採共同照顧模式對於父母之影響 92
第一項 採共同照顧模式父母之整體滿意程度 92
第二項 父母子女聯繫之數量及品質 94
第三項 共同照顧模式父母之特質 95
第四項 小結 98
第四節 父母衝突程度對於共同照顧模式之影響 99
第一項 對於父母衝突及共同照顧模式之研究 99
第二項 對於「高衝突父母」（„ hochstrittige “ Eltern）及共同照顧模式之研究 103
第三項 共同照顧模式作為妥協方案 106
第四項 高衝突父母共同照顧子女問題之處理 107
第五節 共同照顧模式之反對意見檢討 109
第五章 我國學說及實務現況分析 112
第一節 學說現況 112
第二節 法院實務統計 115
第一項 父母離婚後之親權及會面交往酌定 115
第一款 母親單獨親權 117
第二款 父親單獨親權 119
第三款 共同親權 120
第四款 手足分離 122
第五款 整體分析 123
第一目 會面交往時間認定欠缺說理依據 124
第二目 親權認定與會面交往時間視為一體之不當 133
第二項 改定親權及會面交往 137
第一款 改定親權 137
第一目 提出改定親權前之原親權行使態樣 138
第二目 提起改定親權之因素 139
第三目 聲請改定親權之探視方原得以與子女相處之時間 143
第四目 改定親權案件之法院會面交往安排 144
第五目 小結 147
第二款 酌定或改定會面交往 148
第一目 提出改定或改定會面交往前之原親權行使態樣 148
第二目 提起酌定或改定會面交往之因素 149
第三目 探視方原得以與子女相處之時間比例 150
第四目 法院之會面交往安排 152
第五目 小結 154
第三項 暫時處分 154
第四項 採取共同照顧模式之法院裁判分析 156
第一款 父母分居、離婚後與未成年子女之會面交往 156
第一目 母親單獨親權、父親會面交往 156
第二目 共同親權 161
第二款 改定親權 165
第三款 暫時處分 166
第四款 小結 174
第五項 法院實務整體觀察分析 174
第六章 結論及建議 176
參考文獻 178
附錄一 家事事件調解成立協議內容表 188
附錄二 各年齡層共同照顧計畫建議 192

一、中文部分（按姓氏筆劃排序）
（一）期刊論文
1.李立如（2010）。〈論離婚後父母對未成年子女權利義務之行使負擔：美國法上子女最佳利益原則的發展與努力方向〉，《 歐美研究》，第40卷第3期，頁779-828。
2.劉宏恩（2011）。〈「子女最佳利益原則」在台灣法院離婚後子女監護案件中之實踐－法律與社會研究(Law and Society Research)之觀點〉，《軍法專刊》，第57卷1期，頁84-106。
（二）學位論文
1.王宣惠（2016）。《家事事件法施行後之親權暨會面交往事件之研究》，頁27-31，國立中正大學法律系研究所碩士論文。
2.李佳樺（2017）。《會面交往權之理論與實務》，頁5-17，國立臺北大學法律學系一般生組碩士論文。
3.李麗珠（2005）。《離婚後未成年子女會面交往之研究》，頁7-38，國立中正大學法律系研究所碩士論文。
4.陳惠雯（2000）。《婚姻衝突、家庭界限與青少年子女適應之相關研究》，頁40，126-134，國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
二、英文部分（按第一作者姓氏子母順序排列）
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三、德文部分
Amendt, Gerhard (2005). Vätererfahrungen nach der Trennung vom Ehe- oder Lebenspartner. Institut für Geschlechter- und Generationenforschung der Universität Bremen.
Balloff, Rainer (2006): Wechselmodell und Erziehungsfähigkeit. Familie, Partnerschaft, Recht, Vol. 7, 284-287.
Barth-Richtarz, Judit (2009). Die Doppelresidenz nach Trennung und Scheidung. Ein ideales Modell? – Meinungen von Experten. Interdisziplinäre Zeitschrift für Familienrecht, Vol. 5, 179; Salzgeber, Josef (2011): Familienpsychologische Gutachten. 5. Aufl., München: C.H. Beck, 178-183.
Czerny, Barbara (2011): Doppelresidenz in Österreich - die Perspektive der Mütter. Unveröffentlichte Diplomarbeit, Universität Wien.
Fichtner, Jörg & Salzgeber Joseph (2006). Gibt es den goldenen Mittelweg? Das Wechselmodell aus Sachverständigensicht. Familie, Partnerschaft, Recht, Vol. 7, 278-284.
Michael Frigge(2008). Heute hier, morgen dort? - Das Wechselmodell im Familienrecht - Eine Pilotstudie, Diplomarbeit Universität Bielefeld.
Sünderhauf, Hildegund (2013) .Wechselmodell: Psychologie – Recht – Praxis. Abwechselnde Kinderbetreuung durch Eltern nach Trennung und Scheidung. Wiesbaden, Springer VS.
四、網路文獻
Deutsches Institut (2011). Wenn Eltern sich trennen. Familienleben an mehreren Orten, http://www.dji.de/themen/dji-top-themen/dji-online-dezember-2011-wenn-eltern-sich-trennen-familienleben-an-mehreren-orten/interview.html
Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (2013). Planning For Parenting Time－Arizona’s Guide For Parents Linving Apart. http://www.afccnet.org/Portals/0/PublicDocuments/ProfessionalResources/PPWguidelines.pdf?ver=2013-08-21-072408-000