臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文旨在澄清，對於沙特《存有與虛無》中的結論，應將其歸於它的存有學位置；並指出一個建立在這個存有學之上的倫理學。

由於《存有與虛無》論述的主題涉及諸多倫理領域的內容，使得它實質上原是存有學的描述，常被拿來以倫理學的角度加以評判；同時，也造成《存有與虛無》所得的結論，與沙特其他倫理相關作品的立場不一致的結果。當中，尤以「自由」以及「與他者關係」的內容最為明顯。

本論文從沙特存有學中最原初的二分──「存有」與「非存有」開始，提領出貫穿整個存有學的二元性。這個二元性將串連起從世界的二分、到人的存在與活動、到人與他者的關係，清晰地呈現出它們均是完整的存有學的一環。而真正的倫理學，必須是這個系統以外的另一項工作，兩者不能混淆。

接著，本論文再指出，建立於此存有學上的倫理學，是一個「轉向後」的本真的倫理學。人透過「純粹反思」，使得基礎計畫得以轉向，將「自由」列為新的首要價值，進而達到本真的存在。最後，論述沙特在《何謂文學》一書中對寫作的分析，是這個倫理學的具體體現。

This thesis is aimed to argue that the conclusion of Sartre’s Being and Nothingness should be viewed as Sartre’s ontology, rather than his ethics, and to infer an ethics based on this ontology.

Since the content of Being and Nothingness involves lots of ethical subjects, the ontological descriptions of this work were often judged as ethical requirements. This results in the conclusion that Being and Nothingness were inconsistent with Sartre’s other ethical works. The concepts of “freedom” and “relation with others” are the most obvious examples.

This thesis begins with the most primitive distinction in Sartre’s ontology, that of “being” and “nothingness”, which discloses the duality running through his whole ontology. This duality has to do with the two elements of the world, the existence and activity of men, and the relations of one to the others. All of these are parts of Sartre’s complete ontology. The true ethics of Sartre’s philosophy should be another thing.

This thesis furtherly argues that the ethics based on this ontology is an authentic ethics “after radical conversion”. Through pure reflection, men enable primary project turn around, putting freedom as its ultimate value, and consequently acquire their own authentic existence. The final part of this thesis shows that Sartre’s analyze of writing in What Is Literature? is the concrete realization of this ethics.

中文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． i
英文摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．ii

第一章 緒論 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
第一節 研究動機 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
一、三個主要問題 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1
二、尋求可能的化解之道 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2
第二節 研究主題 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
一、釐清沙特存有學與倫理學之分際 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
二、釐清存有學內部的混淆．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
三、從存有學到倫理學的連結 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．6
四、標題與譯本的說明 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．8
第三節 章節安排 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 9

第二章 《存有與虛無》中的存有學．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 11
第一節 存有與非存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ．． 12
第二節 在己存有與為己存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 13
一、在己存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 14
二、為己存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 17
第三節 意識 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 19
一、反思意識與非反思意識 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 21
二、位置性意識與非位置性意識 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 22
第四節 小結．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 24

第三章 存有學中的二重性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 26
第一節 人的存在的二重性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 27
一、超越性與現實性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 27
二、人的基礎計畫 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．30
第二節 自欺的二重性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 31
一、自欺的結構 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．32
（一） 自欺與欺騙 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 32
1. 欺騙的結構．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．32
2. 自欺的結構．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．33
（二） 自欺的「相信」 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．35
二、自欺的二重性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．36
（一） 兩種角度的情境範例 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37
1. 自欺的侍者：否定超越性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37
2. 自欺的調請中的女子：否定現實性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．39
（二） 自欺的二重性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．40
第三節 人我關係．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．43
一、為他存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．44
二、認可的二重性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．48
三、與他人具體關係的二重性 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．50
（一） 第一種態度 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．51
（二） 第二種態度 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．52
第四節 小結 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．52

第四章 倫理隱涵與實踐．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55
第一節 對沙特的批評之釐清與回應 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 56
一、第一種意見：否認自由是絕對的 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．57
二、第二種意見：提出對立以外的其他可能──共在 ．．．．．．． 59
三、第三種意見：將沙特的存有學描述作為倫理立場 ．．．． ．．．62
第二節 建立於存有學上的倫理學 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．64
一、純粹反思與基礎計畫的轉向 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 66
二、本真 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 70
（一）為己存有自身的本真 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 70
1. 從反面理解本真．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 70
2. 從正面理解本真．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 71
（二）為己存有與他者的本真關係 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 72
第三節 《何謂文學》中的自由與本真 ．．．．．．．．．．．．． 76
一、散文與為己存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 77
（一）沙特對散文的分析 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 77
1. 寫作與其他藝術的不同．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ．．77
2. 詩與散文的不同．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 78
（二）散文與為己存有 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 79
1. 散文的超越性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 79
2. 散文的現實性．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 79
二、文學中與「他者的意識自由」的關係 ．．．．．．．．．．．． 80
三、文學中與「他者的具體自由」的關係 ．．．．．．．．．．．． 82
第三節 小結 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 84

第五章 結論 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 88
參考文獻 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．91

一、沙特專著
1.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Alexander, Lloyd (trans.), Nausea, New York: New Directions, 1964
2.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Barnes, Hazel E. (trans.), Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology, New York: The Philosophical Library, 1956
3.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Frechtman, Bernard (trans.), The Emotions: Outline of a Theory, New York: The Philosophical Library, 1947
4.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Frechtman, Bernard (trans.), What Is Literature? Guildford, Eng.: Methuen, 1967
5.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Hoven, Adrian Van den (trans.), Truth and Existence, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992
6.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Macomber, Carol (trans.), Existentialism Is A Humanism, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007
7.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Pellauer, David (trans.), Notebooks for an Ethics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992
8.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Ree, Jonathan (ed.), Sheridan-Smith, Alan (trans.), Critique of Dialectical Reason, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1976
9.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Williams, Forrest (trans.), Imagination: A Psychological Critique, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1962
10.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Williams, Forrest and Kirkpatrick (trans.), Robert, The Transcendence of the Ego : An Existentialist Theory of Consciousness, New York: Hill and Wang, 1957
11.Sartre, Jean-Paul, Q. Hoare (trans.), War Diaries, London: Verso, 1999
12.尚─保羅‧沙特著，陳宣良等譯：《存在與虛無》，新北市：左岸文化，2012年
二、其他專著
1.Anderson, Thomas C., The Foundation and Structure of Sartrean Ethics, Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1979
2.Anderson, Thomas C., Sartre''s Two Ethics: From Authenticity to Integral Humanity, LaSalle, IL: Open Court Publishing Company, 1993
3.Aronson, R. & Hoven, A. (ed), Sartre alive, Detroit : Wayne State University Press, 1991
4.Barnes, Hazel Estella, An Existentialist Ethics, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967
5.Beauvoir, Simone de, Frechtman, Bernard (trans.), The ethics of ambiguity, New York : Citadel Press, 1964, 2nd ed.
6.Beauvoir, Simone de, Simons, Margaret A. (ed.), Philosophical writings, Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2004
7.Busch, Thomas W., The power of consciousness and the force of circumstances in Sartre''s philosophy, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1990
8.Catalano, Joseph S., A Commentary on Jean-Paul Sartre’s “Being and Nothingness”, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980
9.Caws, Peter, Sartre, Boston : Routledge & K. Paul, 1979
10.Cox, Gary, Sartre : a guide for the perplexed, New York : Continuum, 2006
11.Danto, Arthur Coleman, Jean-Paul Sartre, New York: The Viking Press, 1975
12.Detmer, David, Freedom as a Value: A Critique of the Ethical Theory of Jean-Paul Sartre, La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1988
13.Fell, Joseph P., Emotion in the Thought of Sartre, New York: Columbia University Press, 1965
14.Flynn, Thomas R ., Sartre and Marxist existentialism : the test case of collective responsibility, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1984
15.Hartmann, Klaus, Sartre’s Ontology: A Study of Being and Nothingness in the Light of Hegel’s Logic, Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1966
16.Hayim, Gila J., Existentialism & Sociology : The Contribution of Jean-Paul Sartre, New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers, 1996
17.Heter, T. Storm, Sartre''s ethics of Engagement: Authenticity and Civic Virtue, New York : Continuum International Pub. Group, 2006
18.Howells, Christina (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Sartre, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992
19.Husserl, Edmund, W. R. Boyce Gibson, (trans.), Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, London: Allen & Unwin, 1952
20.Jeanson, Francis, Robert V. Stone (trans.), Sartre and the Problem of Morality, , Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1980
21.Linsenbard, Gail Evelyn, An investigation of Jean-Paul Sartre''s posthumously published notebooks for an ethics, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000
22.Linsenbard, Gail Evelyn, Starting with Sartre, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010
23.McBride, William L. (ed), Existentialist Ethics, New York: Garland, 1997
24.Parmenides, Gallop, David (trans.), Parmenides of Elea, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991
25.Priest, Stephen (ed), Jean-Paul Sartre : Basic Writings, New York: Routledge, 2001
26.Reisman, David, Sartre''s Phenomenology, New York : Continuum, 2007
27.Santoni, Ronald E., Bad faith, Good faith, and Authenticity in Sartre''s Early Philosophy, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995
28.Schilpp, Paul Arthur (ed), The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, La Salle, Ill. : Open Court, 1981
29.Stack, George J., Sartre''s Philosophy of Social Existence, Hampshire, England : Gregg Revivals, 1992
30.Streller, Justus, Jean-Paul Sartre: to Freedom Condemned : A Guide to His Philosophy, Wade Baskin, (trans.), New York : Philosophical Library, 1960
31.Vaughan, Christopher, Pure Reflection: Self-Knowledge and Moral Understanding the Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1993
32.Webber, Jonathan (ed), Reading Sartre: On Phenomenology and Existentialism, London: Routledge, 2011
33.米蘭‧昆德拉著，尉遲秀譯，《不能承受的生命之輕》，台北：皇冠出版社，2004
34.貝爾那‧亨利‧列維著，閻素偉譯，《薩特的世紀──哲學研究》，北京：商務印書館，2005
35.劉國英、張燦輝主編，《現象學與人文科學專輯04──沙特：存在與辯證思維》，台北：漫遊者文化，2011
三、單篇論著
1.Levinas, Emmanuel, “A Language Familiar to Us”, Telos: Critical Theory of the Contemporary, Telos Press, 1980
2.McGill, V. Jerauld, “Sartre''s Doctrine of Freedom”, Revue Internationale de Philosophie, Vol. 3, 1949, pp. 329-342,
3.游淙祺：〈衝突的人際關係：沙特論「為他人存有」〉，《現象學與人文科學專輯04──沙特：存在與辯證思維》，台北：漫遊者文化，2011年，頁107-129
4.孫向晨：〈沙特、萊維納斯及他者問題〉，《現象學與人文科學專輯04── 沙特：存在與辯證思維》，台北：漫遊者文化，2011年，頁131-156