臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文分成四個章節，第一章為總體序論。第二章為奈米孔洞薄膜在電致變色上的應用。第三章是利用合成新型具有醇類官能基的電致變色高分子，透過溶膠凝膠法結合有機無機材料，並探討其在電致變色上的特性。第四章節為結論。此研究兩個主題皆致力在於改善電致變色的性質，其利用原本就存在於電致變色元件中的電解質來製造奈米孔洞不僅可以使電解質有更高的功能性並且產生能夠產生較多的表面積使的電解質可以更容易滲透，並且在更短的時間之內平衡電荷以達到增進電致變色特性， 其二利用結合有機無機材料使的具有強電子接收能力的金屬氧化物直接鍵結在高分子上，透過電子接收的特性使的氧化還原能進行得更順利，不僅能降低電位同時能夠提升電致變色特性，並且在與紫精衍生物搭配的同時能夠有正向的加乘效果，在元件中有更出色的電致變色特性。

This study has been separated into four chapters. Chapter 1 is the general introduction. In chapter 2, the porous polyamide films were prepared by the salt and the electrochromic behaviors between dense film and porous film have been investigated. In chapter 3, the electrochromic materials (ECMs) were synthesized and hybrids electrochromic devices (ECDs) were prepared. Chapter 4 is the conclusion.
The preparation and electrochromic properties of porous polyamide films were investigated. It was a novel method to prepare the porous films by blending the salt in polymer solution, and then the salt in the films would be removed. The electrolyte could have penetrateon to the film more easily through the porous structure. And it also increases the active area of electrochromic process. Because the benefits of porous structure the electrochromic properties were significantly increased. On the other hand, keeping the salt in polyamide films and then washed it by the injected electrolyte, this method could also achieve the similar enhancement of electrochormic properties.
In Chapter 3, the novel electrochromic material with hydroxyl group has been successfully synthesized. TiO2 combined with electrochromic material through the sol-gel reactions. TiO2 had strong electron accept ability which promoted the electrochromic material release the electron more easily and quickly, hence the response capability could be enhanced. Arranged the HV(BF4)2 and TiO2 in groups which exhibited additive effect in the ECD. Because of the additive effect, the enhancement of electrochomic properties was better than the single material system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....I
ABSTRACT (in English)....II
ABSTRACT (in Chinese)....III
TABLE OF CONTENTS....IV
LIST OF TABLES....IX
LIST OF FIGURES....XII
CHAPTER 1....1
CHAPTER 2....52
CHAPTER 3....89
CHAPTER 4....121

 
Chapter 1
General Introduction

1. 1 High Performance Polymer....2
1.1. 1 Preparation of aromatic polyamides....4
1.1. 2 Modification of aromatic polyamides....8
1.1. 3 Polyamide with functional group....10
1. 2 Electrochromism....11
1.2. 1 Electrochromic system....16
1.2.1. 1 Transition-metal oxide....16
1.2.1. 2 Coordination complexes....18
1.2.1. 3 Organic material....20
1.2.1. 4 Conducting polymers....20
1.2.1. 5 Arylamine-based polymers....23
1.2. 2 Electrochromic device....26
1.2.2. 1 Transparency conducting layer....26
1.2.2. 2 Electrochromic layer....26
1.2.2. 3 Electrolyte layer....27
1.2.2. 4 Ion-storage layer....27
1. 3 Nanostructured in Electrochromic Materials and Device....29
1.3. 1 Nanostructures of transition metal oxides (TMOs)....30
1.3. 2 Nanostructures of conjugated polymers....32
1.3. 3 Viologens....33
1.3. 4 Conjugated polymer/TMO and TMO/TMO nanocomposites....34
1.3. 5 Nanocomposites of non-electrochromic/ electrochromic active materials....34
1. 4 Functional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite....36
1.4. 1 Organic-Inorganic hybrids with physical interactions....37
1.4. 2 Organic-Inorganic hybrids with covalent bonds....39
1.4. 3 Titania-polymer hybrid....43
1. 5 Research Motivation....45
REFERENCE AND NOTES....46
 
Chapter 2
Preparation, Electrochromic Properties of Porous Polyamide Films

ABSTRACT....53
2.1 Introduction....54
2.2 Experimental Section....56
2.2.1 Materials....56
2.2.2 Polymer synthesis....57
2.2.3 Preparation the porous polyamide films....58
2.2.4 Fabrication of electrochromic device with pinhole structure....58
2.2.5 Measurement....60
2.3 Result and Discussion....61
2.3.1 Physical and optical properties of porous polyamide film....61
2.3.2 Optical properties of the porous polyamide films....64
2.3.3 Electrochemical properties of porous polyamide films....70
2.3.4 Spectroelectrochemistry....72
2.3.5 Electrochromic switching studies....73
2.3.6 Optical properties of porous ECD....76
2.3.7 Electrochemical and electrochromic properties of the porous ECD....78
2.3.8 Electrochomic properties of salt containing ECD....85
2.4 Summary....87
REFERENCES AND NOTES....88
 
Chapter 3
Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Transparent Polyamide/Titania Hybrid Materials for Electrochromic Application

ABSTRACT....90
3.1 Introduction....91
3.2 Experimental Section....93
3.2.1 Materials....93
3.2.2 Preparation of the TPPA & TPB polyamide....94
3.2.3 Preparation of TPPA-OH PA/titania and TPB-PA/titania hybrid films....95
3.2.4 Measurements....96
3.2.5 Fabrication and measurement of the electrochromic devices....97
3.3 Result and Discussion....98
3.3.1 Polymer synthesis....98
3.3.2 Basic properties of polyamides....99
3.3.2 Synthesis and characterization of polyamide hybrids....101
3.3.3 Electrochemical properties of the ECMs....103
3.3.4 Electrochemical properties of the ECDs....106
3.3.5 Spectroelectrochemistry....110
3.3.6 Electrochromic switching studies....112
3.3.7 Materials Integration....116
3.4 Summary....118
REFERENCE AND NOTES....119
Chapter 4
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION....122

LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 1

Table1. 1 Some commercial aromatic high performance polymers....3
Table1. 2 Some commercialized aromatic polyamide....5
Table1. 3 Some soluble aromatic polyamides....9
Table1. 4 Some preparation routes for conducting polymer-based EC nanocomposites....39
Table1. 5 The reaction constant K of tetralkoxysilane in acid hydrolysis....42

Chapter 2

Table2. 1 Composition of different concentration of porous polyamide film....66
Table2. 2 Optical properties of porous polyamide films....67
Table2. 3 Electrochemical properties of pure polyamide and porous polyamide films....71
Table2. 4 Optical and electrochemical data collected for coloration efficiency measurements of pure polyamide ECD....83
Table2. 5 Optical and electrochemical data collected for coloration efficiency measurements of 0.075 M TBABF4 porous polyamide ECD....84
Table2. 6 Optical and electrochromic properties of 0.075 M TBABF4 contain polyamide film....86


Chapter 3

Table3. 1 Solubility behaviors of polyamides....99
Table3. 2 Thermal properties of polyamides....100
Table3. 3 Reaction composition of the TPPA-OH PA and TPB-OH PA hybrid films....102
Table3. 4 Electrochemical properties of TPPA-OH PA and the hybrids first oxidation test....105
Table3. 5Optical and electrochemical data collected for coloration efficiency measurements of TPPA-OH PATi20/HV ECD....115

 
LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter 1

Figure1. 1 Demonstrate Prussian blue multiple color change....12
Figure1. 2 Photographs of two different states of a 1×1m2 electrochromic windows (ECW) fabricated with a carbon-based electrode....14
Figure1. 3 (a) Smart window in Boeing 787 (b) Anti-glare back mirrors....14
Figure1. 4 Photographs of electrochromic device....15
Figure1. 5 Demonstrate the band structures of WO3 and WO2.....17
Figure1. 6 Some conducting polymer....21
Figure1. 7 Polarons and bipolarons in CPs....22
Figure1. 8 Conducting polymer chemical structures and characterized with colors changed to the neutral state (N), intermediate state (I), and doped state (D)....23
Figure1. 9 High-performance polymers (e.g., polyimide types, polyamide types, and epoxy types) utilizing the triarylamine units as an electrochromic functional moiety.....25
Figure1. 10 Electrochromic Device design showing the movement of ions....28
Figure1. 11 (a) Low-magnification TEM image, (b) Higher-magnification TEM image showing the coarse surface of WO3 nanorods and (c) High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of the as-synthesised WO3 = nanorods. The inset shows the selected area electron diffraction pattern (SAED) takes from the single nanorods.....31
Figure1. 12 Effect of pH on particle morphology in sol-gel reactions....42


Chapter2

Figure2. 1 (a) Pure polyamide film (b) TBAP and TBABF4 chemical structure (c), (d) SEM images of TBAP and TBABF4 porous polyamide film (e), (f) The partial magnification from (c), (d)....63
Figure2. 2 Relationship between response time (s) and TBABF4 concentration (M)....64
Figure2. 3 Transmittance of the porous polyamide films (air as background)..... 66
Figure2. 4 Top view SEM images for the surface of the porous polyamide film 0.05 M TBABF4 (b) 0.075 M TBABF4 (c) 0.01 M TBABF4 (d) 0.125 M TBABF4 porous polyamide films....68
Figure2. 5 (a), (b) The surface and roughness analysis of 0.05 M porous polyamide film. (c), (d) The surface and roughness analysis of 0.125 M porous polyamide film.....69
Figure2. 6 Cyclic voltammetric diagrams of pure polyamide and porous polyamide film on ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 25 mm × 6 mm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte at scan rate of 50 mV s-1....71
Figure2. 7 Electrochromic behavior of TPA-PA film coated on the ITO-coated substrate (coated area: 25 mm x 6 mm, thickness: 900 ± 50 nm) in TBABF4/PC at applied potentials.....72
Figure2. 8 Calculation of optical switching time at 770 nm (a) 1.05 V to -0.1 V of pure polyamide and (b) 1.03 V to -0.1 V 0.05M TBABF4 (c) 1.0 V to -0.1 V 0.075M TBABF4 (d) 0.97 V to -0.1 V 0.1M TBABF4 (e) 0.95 V to -0.1 V 0.125M TBABF4 porous polyamide films (coated area: 25 mm × 6 mm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte....74
Figure2. 9 Different kinds of porous polyamide films correspond to Transmittance (%) at 550 nm and the coloring and bleaching time.....75
Figure2. 10 Optical properties of porous polyamide ECD (air as background).....77
Figure2. 11 Cyclic voltammetric diagrams of (a) pure polyamide (b) compare pure polyamide and porous polyamide ECD (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte....79
Figure2. 12 ECD Calculation of optical switching time at 770 nm (a) pure polyamide at applied potential of 2.1 V to -2.1 V (b) 0.05 M TBABF4 porous polyamide at applied potential of 2.02 V to -2.02 V (c) 0.075 M TBABF4 porous polyamide of applied potential of 1.95 V to -1.95 V of the cast films (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with a cycle time of 200 s....81
Figure2. 13 ECD switching at 770 nm of (a) pure polyamide film applied potential of 2.1 V to -2.1 V (b) 0.075 M TBABF4 porous polyamide film applied potential of 1.95 V to -1.95 V of the cast films (coated area: 2cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with a cycle time of 200 s for 30 cycles....82
Figure2. 14 Electrochromic device switching ECD at 770 nm of applied potential of 1.95 V to -1.95 V 0.075 M TBABF4 porous polyamide of the cast films (coated area: 2cm x 2 cm) in 0.025 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with a cycle time of 200 s....86


Chapter 3

Figure3. 1 FT-IR of (a) TPPA-OH PA and (b) TPB-OH PA....98
Figure3. 2 DSC trace of polyamide with a heating rate of 20 ℃/ min in nitrogen.....100
Figure3. 3 TGA traces of TPPA-OH PA/TiO2 and TPB-OH PA/TiO2 hybrid materials in air.....102
Figure3. 4 TEM images of (a) TPPA-OHPATi20 and (b) TPB-OHPATi20 hybrid materials.....102
Figure3. 5 Cyclic voltammetric diagrams of (a) TPPA-OH PA and TPPA-OH PA hybrids (b) TPB-OH PA and TPB-OH PA hybrids on the ITO-coated glass substrate (thickness: 300 ± 50 nm; coated area: 25 mm × 6 mm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC at scan rate of 50 mV s-1.....104
Figure3. 6 Cyclic voltammetric diagrams of 1st Oxidation state test (a) TPPA-OH PA (b) TPPA-OH PATi5 (b) TPPA-OH PATi10 (d) TPPA-OH PATi20 on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 25 mm × 6 mm; thickness: 300 ± 50 nm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC at scan rate of 50 mV s-1....105
Figure3. 7 Cyclic voltammetric diagrams of (a) TPPA-OH PA (b) TPB-OH PA on the ITO-coated glass substrate ( thickness: 300 ± 50 nm on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte....107
Figure3. 8 Partial magnification cyclic voltammetric diagrams of (a) TPPA-OH PA and TPPA-OH PA hybrids (b) TPB-OH PA and TPB-OH PA hybrids on the ITO-coated glass substrate (thickness : 300 ± 50 nm on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte....108
Figure3. 9 Cyclic voltammetric diagrams of (a) TPPA-OH PA (b) TPB-OH PA on the ITO-coated glass substrate (thickness : 300 ± 50 nm on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with 0.015 M HV(BF4)2....108
Figure3. 10 Partial magnification cyclic voltammetric diagrams of (a) TPPA-OH PA and TPPA-OH PA hybrids (b) TPB-OH PA and TPB-OH PA hybrids (thickness : 300 ± 50 nm on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with 0.015 M HV(BF4)2....109
Figure3. 11 Electrochromic behavior of (a) TPPA-OH PA, (b) TPB-OH PA thin film on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 25 mm × 6 mm, thickness: 300 ± 50 nm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC at applied related potentials.....111
Figure3. 12 UV-Vis spectra of (a) TPPA-OH PA ECD, (b) TPPA-OH PA/HV ECD....111
Figure3. 13 UV-Vis spectra of (a) TPB-OH PA ECD, (b) TPB-OH PA/HV ECD....111
Figure3. 14 Electrochromic device switching of (a) 1.1 V to -1.15 V TPPA-OH PA (b) 1.05 V to -1.1 V TPPA-OH PATi5 (c) 1.02 V to -1.1 V TPPA-OH PATi10 (d) 1.0 V to -1.05 V TPPA-OH PATi20 at 430 nm (thickness: 300 ± 50 nm) on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with 0.015 M HV(BF4)2....113
Figure3. 15 Electrochromic device switching of (a) 1.35 to -1.40 V TPB-OH PA (b) 1.25 to -1.3 V TPB-OH PATi20 at 500 nm (thickness: 300 ± 50 nm) on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with 0.015 M HV(BF4)2....114
Figure3. 16 Electrochromic device switching 1.00 and -1.05 V of TPPA-OH PATi20 at 430 nm (thickness: 300 ± 50 nm) on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with 0.015 M HV(BF4)2 with a cycle time of 100 s for 300 cycles....114
Figure3. 17 (a) Electrochromic behavior of TPPA-OH PATi20 and TPB-OH PATi20 blending at applied potentials (b) Transmittance of TPPA-OH PATi20 and TPB-OH PATi20 blending at 1.4 V(air as background).(thickness : 900 ± 200 nm on the ITO-coated glass substrate (coated area: 2 cm x 2 cm) in 0.1 M TBABF4/PC electrolyte with 0.015 M HV(BF4)2....117

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