臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

現今全球氣候變遷對環境產生嚴重影響，森林固碳功能儼然成為重要國際課題，2015年巴黎協定(Paris Agreement)亦指出森林經營應重視碳匯功能，同時仍須兼顧水土保持、森林生態以及滿足社會需求等功能。森林固碳規劃過去多以單次疏伐為主，然前人研究發現複次疏伐有益於提升林分固碳量及森林生態功能，且複次疏伐可提供穩定材積收穫利於林業持續發展。
本研究就南投林區柳杉與台灣杉人工林進行為期三十年之複次疏伐固碳規劃，將土沙沖蝕增量、指標物種數、各期材積和各期面積控制、各期材積收穫總量限制及各齡級面積限制設為經營條件，並以多段目標規劃法(multi-segment goal programming, MSGP)整合線性規劃求出固碳量極大化之最適解。研究結果顯示，複次疏伐和單次疏伐於相同經營條件下，複次疏伐固碳量較單次疏伐方案高。同時，材積收穫亦較單次疏伐規劃方案高，且產生較少土沙沖蝕增量，其疏伐作業方式包含一次輕度和一次中度疏伐以及兩次輕度疏伐，單次疏伐在相同齡級則多以中度疏伐為主。另本研究發現，加強材積平穩、齡級和各期面積控制以及土沙沖蝕增量限制，會使規劃之固碳量降低，然總疏伐材積則未有明顯趨勢。綜上所述，本研究認為複次疏伐可增加林地於時間上的選擇彈性，相較於單次疏伐規劃方案可於較大範圍內搜尋最適解，雖固碳量僅略高於單次疏伐方案，然可提供材積收穫以及森林環境等功能，為森林經營者可考量之疏伐方式。

As climate change has serious impacts on the environment, managing forest for carbon sequestration plays a vital role in the global issue. Recently, Paris Agreement has pinpointed that forest management has important functions on not only carbon sink but also soil and water conservation, forest habitats and satisfaction of social demands. Previous researches have shown that a repeated thinning was capable of improving carbon sequestration and forest ecosystem services. Furthermore, this repetition ensures a stable timber supply in order to maintain forest sustainability.
In this study, we aim to maximize carbon sequestration of Japanese Cedar and Taiwania plantations in Nantou national forest district by repeated thinning during a 30-year planning horizon. The thinning scheme is under certain conditions, such as control of soil erosion, preserving target species, regulating the volume of timber removed and the area of forest stand thinned in three planning periods and every age classes. The study applies multi-segment goal programming (MSGP) combined with linear programming to find an optimal solution for maximizing carbon sequestration under various management requirements. The study results indicate that the level of carbon sequestration by repeated thinning is higher than that of non-repeated thinning under the same management requirements. Furthermore, repeated thinning provides more volume of timber removed and less amount of soil erosion in the stand, by means of a single medium thinning mainly and double thinning composed of light and medium ones. The study finds that if stricter restrictions of volume flow, area control, and soil erosion were set, the maximum amount of carbon sequestration would decrease, but the total volume removed by thinning has no obvious change. Finally, the study suggests that, even the effect of carbon sequestration by repeated thinning is slightly higher than non-repeated thinning, repeated thinning can enhance the flexibility of thinning intensity and scheduling over time for searching the optimal solution in a wider range and can provide better outcomes of timber harvest and forest environment for forest managers to make decisions.

第壹章、緒論 1
第一節、研究背景 1
第二節、研究目的 2
第三節、研究流程 3
第貳章、文獻回顧 5
第一節、疏伐與複次疏伐對林分之影響 5
第二節、疏伐與環境影響 6
第三節、森林規劃數學工具演進 9
第參章、研究理論與架構 12
第一節、疏伐作業規劃工具與經營理念 12
第二節、研究架構 17
第肆章、南投林區柳杉、台灣杉林分固碳之複次疏伐規劃 20
第一節、南投林區概況 20
第二節、複次疏伐模型設定 22
第三節、複次疏伐生長模型程式設計流程 32
第四節、複次疏伐方案規劃結果 34
第五節、單次與複次疏伐規劃之比較 47
第六節、結果與討論 53
第伍章、結論 57
第陸章、參考文獻 59
附錄 66

王子定 (1966) 應用育林學。台北:國立編譯館。
王亞男、林金樹、馬曉恩、蔡明哲 (2011) 溪頭試驗地柳杉人工林材積生長的長期變化。臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院實驗林研究報告 25(1):67-80。
汪大雄 (1997) 多目標數學規劃和地理資訊系統在林木資源經營規劃之研究。臺灣林業科學 12(2):117-133。
汪大雄 (2013) 從活化森林之觀點談疏伐作業。林業研究專訊 20(6):15-18。
李桃生 (2016) 接軌國際，深耕林業。台灣林業 42(1):2-15。
李堅明 (2016) COP21《巴黎協定》之觀察與啟示。能源報導01月號。
李意德、曾慶波、吳仲民、周光益、陳步峰(1998)我國熱帶天然林植被 C 貯存量的估算。林業科學研究 11(2): 156-162。
谷衛彬、宇振榮、胡敦孝 (2004) 華北鹽漬化改造區農田步甲群落及其動態研究:以河北省曲周縣為例。 生物多樣性 12(2): 262-268。
邱志明 (2006) 疏伐撫育經營策略對森林碳吸存之影響。林業研究專訊 13(1): 6-9。
林裕仁、劉瓊霦、林俊成 (2002) 台灣地區主要用材比重與碳含量測定。臺灣林業科學 17(3): 291-299。
林務局 (2010) 育林實務手冊。pp.150-193。行政院農業委員會林務局。臺北。
吳學平 (2000) 新竹林區柳杉人工林疏伐工作之研究。國立臺灣大學森林學系碩士論文。
高強 (1982) 台灣柳杉最佳疏伐與輪伐期之經濟分析。中華林學季刊 13(4): 25-50。
高裕閔、王兆桓 (2014) 和平事業區森林永久樣區調查與分析吸存效應。宜蘭大學生物資源學刊 10:1-22。
陸象豫 (1996) 森林在水土資源保育上之功能。台灣林業科學 11(3):333-347。
陳明杰 (2007) 疏伐作業對人工林林地水土保持影響。林業研究專訓 14(1):10-13。
陳瑩達 (2011) 三階複選目標規劃法及其應用於森林疏伐減碳規劃之研究。國立台灣大學博士論文。
陳麗琴、林俊成、吳俊賢、黃進睦、陳溢宏 (2012) 台灣地區木質材料需求量之現況分析。林業研究季刊 34(4):287-296．
黃進睦、吳孟珊、陳溢宏、陳麗琴 (2014) 蓮華池巒大杉二次疏伐對林分材積影響之研究。林業研究專訊 21(5):69-72。
鈴木和次郎、池田伸、平野辰典、須崎智、和佐英二、石神智生 (2009) 高齡級ヒノキ人工 林の林分構造にみる間伐履歷の影響。日林誌 91:9-14。
管立豪 (2003) 國有林地分區及經營規範建立。農政與農情 135(372):41-48。
鄭欽龍 (2009) 國有林林木經營區因應減碳政策之最適經營規劃期末報告。行政院農業委員會林務局暨所屬機關九十八年度委託研究計畫。
蘇柏羽、郭家和、陳朝圳、陳建璋 (2015) 臺灣中部大雪山地區紅檜人工林於不同疏伐強度下林木健康及林下植群之探討。中華林學季刊 48(2):137-153。
Allen, J. C. (1986) Multi-objective regional forest planning using the noninferior set
estimation method in Tanzania and the United States. Forest Science, 32(2), 517-533.
Andrey, L. D. A., Julio, E. A., Rasoul, Y., Arinei, C., Lindbeck da S. (2016) Promoting harvesting stands connectivity and its economic implications in Brazilian forest plantations applying integer linear programming and simulated annealing. Forest Policy and Economics, 73, 120-129.
Blakey, Rachel V., Law, Brad S., Kingsford, Richard T. (2016) Bat communities respond positively to large-scale thinning of forest regrowth. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(6), 1694-1703.
Bravo, F., Jandl, R., Gadow, K. V., LeMay, V. (2008) Forest management strategies and carbon sequestration. In K.Gadow, T. Pukkala & M. Tome’(Eds.), Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change (Vol. 17, pp. 179-194). London: Springer.
Carey A., & Johnson, M. J. (1995) Small mammals in manages, naturally young and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications, 5, 336-352.
Chang, C. T. (2007) Multi-choice goal programming. Omega, 35, 389-396.
Chen, Y. T., Zheng, C., Chang, C. T. (2011a) 3-level MCGP: an efficient algorithm for MCGP in solving multi-forest management problems. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 26, 457-465.
Chen, Y. T., Zheng, C., Chang, C. T. (2011b) Efficiently mapping an appropriate thinning schedule for optimum carbon sequestration: An application of multi-segment goal programming. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 1168-1173.
Chen, Y. T., Chang, C. T. (2014) Multi-coefficient goal programming in thinning schedules to increase carbon sequestration and improve forest structure. Annals of Forest Science, 71, 907–915.
Daniel, M. F., Eugenio, D. P., Ignacio, B. (2015) Temporal carbon dynamics over the rotation period of two alternative management systems in Mediterranean mountain Scots pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 348, 186-195.
Deanna H. O., & Julia I. B. (2014) Near-Term Effects of Repeated-Thinning with Riparian Buffers on Headwater Stream Vertebrates and Habitats in Oregon, USA. Forests, 5, 2703-2729.
Dı́az-Balteiroa, L., & Romerob, C. (2003) Forest management optimisation models when carbon captured is considered: a goal programming approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 174(17), 447-457.
Dı́az-Balteiroa, L., & Romerob, C. (2004) Sustainability of forest management plans: a discrete goal programming approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 71, 351–359.
Harmon, M. E., & Marks, B. (2002) Effects of silvicultural practices on carbon stores in Douglas- fir – western hemlock forests in the Pacific Northwest, USA.: results from a simulation model. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 863-877.
Jairo S. A., Xavier S., Juan M. P. (2015) Conifer-plantation thinning restores reptile biodiversity in Mediterranean landscapes. Forest Ecology and Management, 354, 185-189.
Johanna, R., & Jari, N. (2003) Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, 487-506.
Juodvalkis, A., Kairiukstis, L., Vasiliauskas R. (2005) Effects of thinning on growth of six tree species in north-temperate forests of Lithuania. Eur J Forest Res, 124, 187-192.
Karin, Ö., & Ljusk, O. E. (2002) Allowing for spatial consideration in long-term forest planning by linking linear programming with simulated annealing. Forest Ecology and Management, 161, 221-230.
Keegan III, C., C. Fiedler, and D. Wichman (1995) Costs associated with harvest ac- tivities for major harvest systems in Mon- tana. Forest Products Journal 45(7/8): 78- 82.
Leena, S., Tapio, T., Leena, F., Hannu, M., Sirpa, P., Bjorn, K., & Harri, K. (2015) Evaluation of erosion and surface roughness in peatland forest ditches using pin meter measurements and terrestrial laser scanning. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 41, 1299-1311.
Liao, C. N. (2009) Formulating the muti-segment goal programming. Computer and Industrial Engineering, 56, 138-141.
Lin, W. P., & Feng F. L. (2007) A multiobjective approach to strategic forest planning: de ning the desired future land-use patterns for a forest station. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 22, 253-263.
Marta, P., Felipe, B., Lorena, B., Elena, C., Celia, M. (2016) Carbon sequestration for different management alternatives in sweet chestnut coppice in northern Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1161-1169.
Mehmet, D., & Pete, B. (2015) Using mixed integer multi-objective goal programming for stand tending block designation: A case study from Turkey. Forest Policy and Economics, 55, 28-36.
Mendoza, G.A., & H. Martins (2006) Multi- criteria decision analysis in natural resource management: A critical review of methods and new modeling paradigms. Forest Ecology and Management, 230, 1-22.
Michael, D. B., & John, V. K. (1989) Multiple-use management: the economics of public forestlands. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Schlamadinger, B., & Marland, G. (1996) The role of forest and bioenergy strategies in the global carbon cycle. Biomass and Bioenergy, 8(4), 221-234.
Sergio A., Carlos O., Eugenio D. P., Agustín R. (2014) Influence of tree species composition, thinning intensity and climate change on carbon sequestration in Mediterranean mountain forests: a case study using the CO2Fix model. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 21, 1045-1058.
Trentini, C. P., Campanello, P. I., Villagra, M., Ritter, L., Ares, A., Goldstein G. (2017) Thinning of loblolly pine plantations in subtropical Argentina: Impact on microclimate and understory vegetation. Forest Ecology and Management, 384, 236-247.
T. Gómeza, M. Hernándeza, M.A. Leónb, R. Caballeroa (2006) A forest planning problem solved via a linear fractional goal programming model. Forest Ecology and Management, 227(15), 79-88.
Tóth, S. F., Ettl, G. J., Könnyű, N., Rabotyagov, S. S., Rogers, L. W., Comnick, J. M. (2013) ECOSEL: Multi-objective optimization to sell forest ecosystem services. Forest Policy and Economics, 35, 73-82.
Thomas, N. L., Allan B., Michael H., Per H. A. (2003) Economic analysis of near-natural beech stand management in Northern Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, 184, 149-165.
Vesterdal, L., Dalsgaard, M., Felbt, C., Raulund-Rasmuseen, K., & Jorgensen, B. B.
(1995) Effects of thinning and soil properties on accumulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the forest floor of Norway spruce stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 77(1-3), 1-10.
Wang, Dar-Hsiung, Hsieh, Han-Ching, Tang, Shyh-Chian, Chung, Chih-Hsing (2010) Stand Growth Simulation of a Taiwania Plantation in the Liouguei Area. Taiwan Journal of forest Science, 25(2), 155-69.
Yuan, H. W., Ding, T. S., & Hsieh, H. I. (2005) Short-term responses of animal communities to thinning in a Cryptomeria japonica (Taxodiaceae) plantation in Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 44(3), 393-402.