臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

限制鉀攝取量對慢性腎臟病患而言是必要的，因鉀攝取過多可能會造成高血鉀症並危及性命。因此，我們試驗目的為開發植物工場低鉀蔬菜栽培模式。茼蒿 (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) 為臺灣常見蔬菜。根據美國農業部報導，茼蒿每100公克新鮮葉片含567毫克鉀。首先，我們選取大葉種茼蒿[ “世文虎耳大葉”（“Shr-Wen” ）與“農友茼蒿”（“HV-255”）]與裂葉種茼蒿 [“富士”（“Fuji”）、 “世昌“（“Shr-Cheng”） 與 ”農友山茼蒿“（“HV-293”）]於植物工場中進行栽培，以篩選出適合於植物工場中生長之栽培種。大葉種中， “HV-255”具有較高產量，而與 “Shr-Wen”於葉片品質與鉀含量上無顯著差異；而裂葉種間，產量、鉀含量與多數葉片品質於三種栽培種間是相似的，但“Fuji”具有較低之硝酸鹽含量及較高之類胡蘿蔔素含量。因此，我們選取大葉種“HV-255”與裂葉種 “Fuji”作為後續試驗材料，並以李(Lee)、康乃爾 (Cornell) 、山崎氏(Yamasaki)及Ogawa養液配方進行水耕栽培。結果顯示山崎氏養液配方栽培之茼蒿具有高可溶性固形物及高類胡蘿蔔素含量特性。進一步將山崎氏養液配方鉀濃度降低至原本1/2或1/4來栽培茼蒿，結果顯示茼蒿栽培在1/4 K濃度山崎氏養液配方可顯著降低茼蒿葉片鉀濃度，且對產量與葉片多數品質影響不大。最後，兩個栽培種之茼蒿以1/4 K養液栽培，並處理不同之恆定根溫 (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 30°C)。 “HV-255”於不同根溫處理時並無造成葉片品質的差異；而於 “Fuji”的部分，除了硝酸鹽含量與相對水分含量外，大部分之葉片分析上亦無顯著差異。兩個栽培種之最低鉀含量皆出現在30°C根溫處理時。芝麻菜為常見之沙拉生菜，因其葉片具強烈芝麻香氣聞名。美國農業部顯示每100公克芝麻菜葉片含有369毫克鉀。試驗一我們篩選芝麻菜適合養液配方，結果顯示不同養液處理間葉片鉀濃度及多數品質間無顯著差異，但Ogawa 配方栽培之芝麻菜具較高之產量。之後進一步調整Ogawa配方鉀濃度由1/1 K降至1/2 K、1/4 K、1/8 K、1/16 K，結果顯示葉片鉀含量以1/8 K處理為最低，且1/8 K葉片多數品質與對照組(1/1 K)相似，但1/8 K之可販售產量低於1/1 K。 試驗三以1/1 K與1/8 K養液隔週施用(Alternated frequency 1, AF1)，或1/1 K與1/8 K隔週施用並於最後10天使用1/8 K配方(Alternated frequency 2, AF2)進行處理，以AF2處理之葉片鉀濃度最低且TSS含量上升，且多數品質都與1/1 K無顯著差異，但產量與類胡蘿蔔素降低。試驗四以芝麻菜生長於1/8 K養液配方搭配恆定根溫 (25°C 、30°C°與35°C)及變動根溫(25°C到35°C) 。結果顯示除硝酸鹽與可溶性固形物外，不同根溫處理之植物於多數葉片品質分析上並無顯著差異；但30°C與35°C根溫處理之產量較變動根溫與恆定根溫25°C處理低。於元素分析上變動根溫處理之植株鉀含量則是最低。總結來說，“農友茼蒿”（“HV-255”）與“富士“（“Fuji”）為植物工場適合栽培的茼蒿栽培種，且以1/4 K之Yamazaki 配方配合30°C根溫處理栽培茼蒿其葉片具有最低的鉀濃度。另一方面，芝麻菜則以Ogawa 養液搭配 AF2之施用頻率，或是以1/8 K搭配變動根溫處理可有效降低葉片鉀濃度。

Limitation on amount of potassium (K) uptake is necessary for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients since excess potassium uptake may lead to hyperkalemia and endanger life. Hence, purpose of our study is to develop model for low-potassium vegetables cultivation in plant factory. Garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) is a common crop in Taiwan and contains 576 mg K per 100 g fresh leaf based on data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). First, large-leaf type (‘HV-255’ and ‘Shr-Wen’) and deeply-lobed leaf type (‘Fuji’, ‘Shr-Chang’ and ‘HV-293’) cultivars of garland chrysanthemum were chosen for selecting suitable cultivar grown in plant factory. In large-leaf type, ‘HV-255’ possessed higher yield and similar quality and potassium concentration in leaf, as compared to ‘Shr-Wen’. In lobed-leaf type, yield, potassium concentration and most quality in leaf were similar among three cultivars, but ‘Fuji’ had the lower nitrate content and the higher carotenoid content than the other two cultivars. Hence, ‘HV-255’ and ‘Fuji’ were selected and cultured in nutrient solutions of Lee, Cornell, Yamasaki and Ogawa formula. The results showed that plants cultured in Yamasaki formula possessed higher total soluble solid (TSS) and carotenoid content. Next, K concentration in Yamasaki formula was further reduced to 1/2 K or 1/4 K for cultivation. Plants grown under 1/4 K treatment greatly reduced leaf K concentration but not affected yield and most leaf quality. Finally, plants of two cultivars grown under 1/4 K condition were treated with constant root-zone temperature (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 30°C). ‘HV-255’ showed no distinct change on leaf quality among different treatments. And similar pattern displayed in ‘Fuji’ except for nitrate content and relative moisture content. The lowest K concentration in both cultivars appeared on plants under 30°C treatment. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is a common vegetable for salad and famous for its strong sesame flavor in leaf. Rocket contains 369 mg of K per 100 g fresh weight of leaf based on data from USDA. In first experiment, we selecting suitable formula for rockets. The results showed that no difference on leaf K concentration and most investigated leaf qualities among treatments. However, plants grown under Ogawa nutrient solution possessed higher yield. Next, K concentration of Ogawa formula was reduced from 1/1 K to 1/2 K, 1/4 K, 1/8 K and 1/16 K. The lowest K concentration of leaf was found in 1/8 K treatment, which rendered most leaf qualities comparing to the control (1/1 K), but made marketable yield to be lower than the control (1/1 K). In experiment III, two frequencies were used: 1/1 K formulation alternated 1/8 K each week during cultivation period (Alternated frequency 1, AF1) and elongated 1/8 K applied time of AF1 at last 10 days before harvest as Alternated frequency 2 (AF2) . The lowest K concentration of leaf was found in AF2 treatment, which decreased on the yield and carotenoid content, increased the TSS content, but no differences on most investigated qualities of leaf comparing to the control (1/1 K). In forth experiment, rockets grew under 1/8 K nutrient solution with constant root-zone temperature (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) and alternated temperature (25°C-35°C). The results showed that except for nitrate and TSS content, plants treated with different root-zone temperatures displayed no difference on most investigated quality index; but yield of plants treated with 30°C and 35°C was lower than those treated with alternated temperature and 25°C treatments. In elemental analysis, plants treated with alternated temperature treatment displayed the lowest K concentration compared to those with other root-zone treatments. In conclusion, ‘HV-255’ and ‘Fuji’ are suitable cultivars of garland chrysanthemum for cultivation in plant factory. Moreover, plants grown under 1/4 K of Yamazaki nutrient formula and treated with 30°C root-zone temperature possessed lower potassium concentration in their leaves. On other hands, rockets grown under Ogawa formula and treated with AF2 or grown under 1/8 K treatments combined with alternated temperature would efficient reduction on potassium concentration in leaf.

Contents
Chinese abstract…………………………………………………i
English abstract………………………………………..………..iv
Contents……………………………………………………….viii
List of Tables…………………………………………………...xi
List of Figures…………………………………………………xv
List of Appendixes…………………………………….……...xvii
Introduction…………………………………………………….1
1. Potassium in plant………………………………………………….1
2. Potassium in human and relation to chronic kidney disease…….….3
3. Current strategies of low-potassium vegetables cultivation………...5
4. Introduction of plant factory ………………………………………..8
5. Introduction of Garland chrysanthemum…………………………..10
6. Introduction of rocket………………………………………………11
Objective……………………………………………………….12
Materials and methods……………………………………...….13
1.Seeds sterilization and culture of garland chrysanthemum seedling..13
2.Seeds sterilization and culture of rocket seedling…………………...13
3.Part I. Annual production of low-K garland chrysanthemum cultivation model……………………………………………………...14
4.Part II. Development of annual production of low-K rocket cultivation model…………………………………………………………………..17
5. Measurements………………………………………………………19
6. Statistical analysis…………………………………………………..22
Results……………………………………………………….....29
1. Part I. Annual production of low-K garland chrysanthemum cultivation……………………………………………………………..29
2. Part II. Development of annual production low-potassium rocket cultivation model……………………………………………………...35
Conclusion……………………………… …………………….43
Discussions...…………………………………………………..44
1. Divergence between supply of different chemical substitutes…...…44
2. Frequency of supply different K formulations affected potassium concentration during cultivation period…………………………….…46
3. Relationship between different type of root-zone temperatures and potassium concentration in plants……………………………………..47
4. Interaction between potassium level in environment and composition of carbohydrates in plants……………………………………………..50
5. Potassium level affects photosynthesis and associated reactions in plants…………………………………………………………………..51
6. Relationship between potassium level and nitrate accumulation in plants…………………………………………………………………..52
References………………………………………………….…..87

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