臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當水處在一高溫高壓狀態時，其介電常數會下降且其反應性會上升，因此亞臨界水在綠色萃取製程中逐漸受到重視。本研究使用動態式亞臨界水系統萃取檸檬桉葉中的香茅醛防蚊成分，以對抗日益嚴重之登革熱疫情；使用批次式亞臨界水系統對於廚餘進行脫水處理，以達到公共衛生及節省其儲運成本之目標。
動態式亞臨界水系統其最前端為HPLC高壓幫浦，功用為輸送流體及調整流速參數；而後接上內徑20 mm，長度100 mm，材質為316不鏽鋼之空管柱；空管柱後端則設置背壓閥以調控壓力參數使之能呈現亞臨界狀態；空管柱內部溫度則由纏繞其外之加熱帶控制。由氣相層析系統檢測後，只有檸檬桉之樹葉內部含有較多的香茅醛成分。動態式亞臨界水系統雖成功萃取出香茅醛成分，但其萃取效率0.12%仍遠低於有機溶劑萃取法之1.45%，推測原因為香茅醛在高溫時產生了熱降解。
批次式亞臨界水系統則由材質316鋼的反應器、pt 1000溫度感測器、壓力表、溫度控制器以及鐵氟龍杯所組成。本研究將飯類廚餘經由批次式亞臨界水系統處理後不僅將含水率降至10%以下，亦達成殺菌目的。唯其能量利用效率低落，未來若能找出更節電之方法，將增加此套系統之實用性。

Subcritical water has drawn much attention to several eco-friendly extraction and green reaction processes due to the lower dielectric constant and higher reactivity of water under elevated temperature and pressure. For extracting the insect repellent, citronellal, from the leaves of lemon scented gum（Eucalyptus Citriodora）, we constructed a flow-through subcritical water extraction system; and a batch subcritical water reactor was also developed to evaporate the water from kitchen waste for hygiene and transportation cost reduction.
The flow-through subcritical water system was assembled with HPLC devices. Water was driven with a high pressure HPLC pump and then introduced to the flow-through extraction chamber（20mm i.d.  10 cm, a 316 stainless steel HPLC column） with a back pressure regulating valve to raise the pressure to subcritical status. The temperature of the extraction chamber was controlled by heating tape. As measured by gas chromatography, only the leaves from lemon scented gum contain more citronellal. However, citronellal was successfully extracted but decomposed at elevated temperature. The extraction efficiency of subcritical water is 0.12%, lower than organic solvent extraction which extraction efficiency is 1.45%. Therefore, a more efficient subcritical extraction system with a cooling manifold is demanded.
The batch subcritical water reactor was constructed with a bomb reactor made of 316 stainless steel, a pt1000 temperature sensor, a pressure gauge, a heating controller and a 300 ml Teflon sample cup. Kitchen waste such as rice can be sterilized and dehydrated to less than 10% in water content. A more power-saving protocol is under investigation.

口試委員會審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 x
第一章 前言 1
1.1綠色化學與亞臨界水的發展 1
1.2登革熱疫情與驅蚊劑成分 2
1.3廚餘處理 5
第二章 文獻探討 6
2.1亞臨界水萃取 6
2.1.1 亞臨界水之定義及別名 6
2.1.2 亞臨界水之特性 7
2.1.2.1 介電常數 7
2.1.2.2 表面張力、黏度、離子積 7
2.1.3 亞臨界水系統分類架構 8
2.1.3.1 動態式亞臨界水系統 8
2.1.3.2 批次式亞臨界水系統 9
2.1.4 影響亞臨界水萃取之因素 9
2.1.4.1 溫度 9
2.1.4.2 流速 11
2.1.4.3 粒徑 11
2.1.4.4 時間 11
2.1.4.5 壓力 11
2.1.4.6 其餘因素 12
2.1.5 動態式亞臨界水系統之應用 12
2.1.5.1 廢棄物處理 12
2.1.5.2 製藥及食品 12
2.1.5.3 植物中成分 12
2.1.6 批次式亞臨界水系統之應用 13
2.1.6.1 廢棄物處理 13
2.2檸檬桉及細葉桉簡介 13
2.2.1 檸檬桉 13
2.2.1.1 PMD之合成方式探討 13
2.2.1.2 檸檬桉內部成分探討 15
2.2.1.3 檸檬桉內部成分萃取方式探討 15
2.2.2 細葉桉 16
2.2.3檸檬桉及細葉桉之分辨 17
2.3廚餘處理 18
第三章 實驗設備與方法 19
3.1實驗藥品與儀器設備 19
3.1.1 實驗藥品 19
3.1.2 實驗儀器設備 19
3.2檸檬桉葉與細葉桉葉採集及內部成分分析 20
3.2.1 標準品配置及檢量線製作 20
3.2.2 樹葉之採集 20
3.2.2.1 標示檸檬桉之樹種 20
3.2.2.2 標示細葉桉之樹種 21
3.2.2.3 無標示檸檬桉及細葉桉之樹種 21
3.2.3 樹葉之保存 22
3.2.4 樹葉均質化前後比較 22
3.2.5 檢測內部成分以確認樹種 22
3.3動態式亞臨界水系統萃取檸檬桉葉及檢測 23
3.3.1 動態式亞臨界水萃取設備 23
3.3.2 動態式亞臨界水萃取檸檬桉葉流程 23
3.3.3 液液萃取 24
3.4批次式亞臨界水系統萃取檸檬桉葉及檢測 24
3.4.1 批次式亞臨界水系統架構 25
3.4.1.1 批次式亞臨界水萃取檸檬桉葉及液液萃取 25
3.4.1.2 批次式亞臨界水系統測試高於常溫溶解度之香茅醛標準品 25
3.5 氣相層析檢測系統 27
3.5.1 氣相層析檢測架構圖及原理 27
3.5.2 氣相層析檢測參數 28
3.6 批次式亞臨界水系統應用於廚餘處理 28
3.6.1 以去離子水進行系統測試 29
3.6.2 以米飯進行系統測試 29
3.6.3 米飯以批次式亞臨界水系統定溫排水 29
3.6.3.1 溫壓紀錄及排去水分統計 29
3.6.3.2 理論耗能和實際耗能比較 29
3.6.4 米飯以批次式亞臨界水系統進行多次開閥 30
3.6.5 去離子水以批次式亞臨界水系統定壓排水 30
3.6.6米飯以批次式亞臨界水系統進行定壓排水 30
第四章 結果與討論 31
4.1檸檬桉葉與細葉桉葉採集及內部成分分析 31
4.1.1標準品氣相層析檢測結果 31
4.1.1.1 香茅醛標準品氣相層析檢測結果及檢量線 31
4.1.1.2 桉葉油醇標準品氣相層析檢測結果 33
4.1.2樹葉之採集 34
4.1.2.1 有標示檸檬桉樹種之氣相層析檢測結果 34
4.1.2.2 有標示細葉桉樹種之氣相層析檢測結果 35
4.1.2.3 未標示樹種之氣相層析檢測結果 36
4.1.3 樹葉保存結果比較 37
4.1.4 樹葉之均質化結果比較 38
4.2動態式亞臨界水系統應用於萃取檸檬桉葉內部成分分析結果 39
4.3批次式亞臨界水系統應用於萃取檸檬桉葉內部成分 40
4.3.1 批次式亞臨界水系統處理標準品之結果 40
4.3.2 批次式亞臨界水系統處理檸檬桉葉之結果 42
4.4 批次式亞臨界水系統應用於廚餘處理 43
4.4.1 以去離子水進行系統測試之結果 43
4.4.2 以3g米飯進行系統測試之結果 44
4.4.3 米飯以批次式亞臨界水系統定溫排水 45
4.4.3.1 溫壓紀錄及排去水分統計 45
4.4.3.2 定溫開閥之理論耗能和實際耗能比較 47
4.4.4 米飯以批次式亞臨界水系統進行定時多次開閥結果 48
4.4.5 去離子水以批次式亞臨界水系統定壓排水結果 48
4.4.6 米飯以批次式亞臨界水系統定壓排水結果 50
第五章 結論及未來展望 53
參考文獻 55

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