臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著全球人口快速增加與對經濟發展的追求，於近年來社會大眾對於水資源之需求日益遽增。另一方面，水淡化過程中需耗損大量能源，造成水淡化技術成本居高不下。因此，如何開發具有永續性之水處理技術，已成為現今研究學者所熱切關注之議題。微生物脫鹽電池(Microbial Desalination Cell, MDC)是以微生物燃料電池(Microbial Fuel Cell, MFC)為基礎而衍生之新興生物電化學系統，因具有可同時產電、廢水處理與脫鹽之效能，因此被視為一項具發展潛力之生物脫鹽技術。此外，電容去離子技術(Capacitive Deionization, CDI) 為一項新穎之水處理技術，以電極/溶液界面之電雙層為運行原理，利用電吸附程序去除溶液中之無機離子，具有無二次性污染、低能量消耗以及可逆性等優勢。
電極材料對生物電化學系統之產電效能佔有重要影響，而透過奈米碳管改質之三維立體結構碳電極，除了擁有良好的導電性能與高比表面積外，還能增加基質與電極間之接觸面積，並提供陽極內微生物聚集或附著所需要的空間，加速電子之傳遞，進而大幅的提升系統電能輸出，因此於近幾年開始受到廣泛關注。本研究結合微生物脫鹽電池與薄膜電容去離子技術各自特點，以微生物脫鹽電池作為能源驅動電吸附程序，發展具有廢水處理與脫鹽之永續性水淡化系統。並進一步以奈米碳管複合材料製備之三維孔洞電極作為MDC電極使用，探討電極改良對於MDC產電效能與脫鹽成效之提升。結果顯示：(1) 於MDC系統中，脫鹽率接近99%，COD去除率達到90%；(2) 以電吸附程序處理MDC脫鹽槽出流水，於批次實驗下，其溶液導電度能降至15 μS/cm以下；(3) 使用三維孔洞電極之MDC系統驅動CDI裝置，於濃度為5 mM NaCl 溶液中進行電吸附實驗，因MDC輸出電壓增加，使CDI移除效率可達到84.14%，較使用商用電極MDC系統之CDI移除效率(43.14%)提升約一倍。本研究結果證實：MDC-CDI系統作為一項多功能之水處理技術，擁有良好之處理效果與永續發展之可能性。而三維孔洞電極應用於微生物脫鹽電池中，則可有效提升系統效能，並增加其運用於其他電化學處理程序之應用潛力。

致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1. 研究背景 1
1.2. 研究動機 2
1.3. 研究目的 3
1.4. 研究架構 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1. 生物電化學系統之理論及沿革 5
2.1.1. 生物電化學系統之演進 5
2.1.2. 生物電化學系統之產電原理 6
2.1.3. 生物電化學系統之應用與發展 7
2.1.4. 微生物脫鹽電池 8
2.2. 電容去離子技術之原理與發展 10
2.2.1. 電容去離子技術之發展 10
2.2.2. 電容去離子技術之運行原理 11
2.2.3. 薄膜電容去離子技術 12
2.2.4. 電容去離子技術之特點 13
2.3. 生物電化學系統驅動電容去離子技術 14
2.3.1. 生物電化學系統之瓶頸與挑戰 14
2.3.2. 生物電化學系統驅動電容去離子技術之發展 16
2.4. 電極材料於生物電化學系統之應用 19
2.4.1. 奈米碳管複合材料 20
2.4.2. 三維孔洞電極 22
第三章 材料與方法 23
3.1. 實驗藥品與設備 23
3.1.1. 實驗用藥品 23
3.1.2. 實驗設備與儀器 25
3.2. 生物電化學系統反應器 26
3.2.1. 微生物燃料電池系統組態 26
3.2.2. 微生物脫鹽電池系統組態 27
3.2.3. 菌種來源及馴養 28
3.3. 製備三維孔洞之奈米碳管電極 29
3.3.1. 多壁奈米碳管之純化 29
3.3.2. 多壁奈米碳管/幾丁聚醣複合式材料之合成 29
3.3.3. 三維孔洞海綿電極之製備 30
3.4. 電容去離子裝置 31
3.4.1. 活性碳碳電極之製備 31
3.4.2. 電容去離子裝置組態 32
3.5. 三維孔洞電極之電容特性分析 33
3.5.1. 循環伏安法實驗 34
3.5.2. 定電流充放電測試 36
3.5.3. 電化學阻抗分析 37
3.6. 三維孔洞電極之表面特性分析 38
3.6.1. 壓汞式孔隙孔徑分析儀 38
3.6.2. 比表面積與孔隙分佈分析儀 38
3.6.3. 掃描式電子顯微鏡 39
3.6.4. 熱重分析儀 39
3.7. 生物電化學系統之產電能力分析 40
3.7.1. 電壓量測與紀錄 40
3.7.2. 內電阻分析 40
3.8. 生物電化學系統之水質分析 42
3.8.1. 化學需氧量 42
3.8.2. 導電度 42
3.8.3. pH值 42
3.9. 電吸附實驗 43
第四章 結果與討論 45
4.1. 微生物脫鹽電池-薄膜電容去離子技術系統之探討 45
4.1.1. 微生物脫鹽電池效能之探討 45
4.1.2. 微生物脫鹽電池電路連接與產電之關係 49
4.2. 微生物脫鹽電池驅動薄膜電容去離子技術之效能探討 51
4.2.1. 不同初始濃度對於電吸附之影響 52
4.2.2. 不同電路連接型態對於電吸附之效果 54
4.2.3. 電吸附程序處理MDC脫鹽槽出流鹽水 57
4.3. 三維孔洞海綿電極之特性分析 59
4.3.1. 電極之表面形態分析 59
4.3.2. 比表面積、孔隙與孔徑分析 62
4.3.3. 熱重分析 64
4.3.4. 電容特性分析 65
4.4. 三維孔洞海綿電極應用於微生物脫鹽電池之探討 68
4.4.1. 不同電極材料之電化學特性比較 68
4.4.2. 不同電極材料應用於微生物燃料電池之性能比較 70
4.4.5. 不同電極材料對於微生物脫鹽電池之性能比較 75
4.4.6. 使用不同電極之MDC驅動電吸附程序之影響 78
第五章 結論與建議 80
5.1 結論 80
5.2 建議 81
第六章 參考文獻 82

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