臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

哺乳動物位於下視丘的上視神經交叉核(SCN)，是生理時鐘的主要控制中心。在哺乳動物的視網膜上，有一種特別的視神經細胞—內發性感光視網膜神經節細胞 (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell, ipRGC)，可以投射到上視神經交叉核。這種神經細胞，和視覺成像幾乎無關，但會影響其他非成像(non-image forming)的生理功能。這種神經細胞會將光線的訊息傳遞到上視神經交叉核，調節晝夜節律的同步(photoentrainment). 上視神經交叉核可被分成腹外側(ventral lateral) 和背內側(dorsal medial). 腹外側的上視神經交叉核，主要包含表現血管活性腸肽vascular intestinal peptide (VIP) 和胃泌素釋放肽gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) 的神經細胞。背內側的上視神經交叉核則主要包含表現精胺酸血管加壓素arginine vasopressin peptide (AVP)的神經細胞。根據過去對上視神經交叉核的研究，知道表現VIP的神經細胞負責接受來自ipRGCs所傳遞的光線訊息，而表現AVP的神經細胞負責將生理時鐘的訊息外傳到其他核區。但透過單一神經細胞追蹤的方法，發現ipRGCs可以到上視神經交叉核的所有位置, 而非只有表現VIP的神經細胞。為了知道ipRGCs和表現AVP的神經細胞之間的連結，我們使用一種可以感知鈣離子濃度的螢光蛋白--GCaMP6s，並將GCaMP6s表現在帶有AVP 的神經細胞，藉由螢光的變化，在有ipRGCs刺激的狀態之下觀察神經細胞的活動。我們發現表現AVP的神經細胞可以直接被ipRGCs使用的興奮性傳導物質—谷氨酸glutamate興奮。同時我們也發現，表現AVP的神經細胞使用N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體 (NMDA receptor)接受glutamate後造成大幅度地鈣離子上升,而glutamate 作用在表現AVP 的神經細胞的代謝型受體 (metabotropic receptor)，則會調控神經細胞電位變化的頻率。

In mammals, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located at the hypothalamus is the master clock to control daily activity pattern and influence many physiological functions. In mammalian retina, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) contributes to many light-dependent non-image forming functions. They directly project to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) for circadian photoentrainment. The SCN can be separated into several regions, including the ventral lateral SCN (vlSCN), which contains VIP and GRP expressing neurons, and the dorsal medial SCN (dmSCN), which contains AVP neurons. Previous studies suggest that light input is only transmitted to VIP and GRP expressing neuron in the vlSCN, while the AVP expressing neurons in the dmSCN provide output from the SCN. However, our single cell tracing study indicated that ipRGCs innervate to whole SCN. In order to know whether AVP neurons can receive glutamate, which is the neurotransmitter released by ipRGCs to stimulate SCN neurons, we use GCaMP6s, a calcium sensor, to image the neural activity in SCN under glutamate stimulation. We found out that AVP neurons can be directly stimulated by glutamate. In addition, the AVP neurons would use both NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor to receive the glutamate signal. Glutamate acts on the NMDA receptor would cause strong increase in calcium level to the AVP neuron, while acting on the metabotropic receptor would modulate the firing probability of AVP neuron.

摘要 III
Abstract IV
Chapter I Introduction 1
1.1 Intrinsincally photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) 1
1.1.1 The properties of ipRGCs 1
1.1.2 Subtypes of the ipRGCs 3
1.1.3 The central projection of ipRGCs to the brain 3
1.2 Suprachiasmatic nucleus 4
1.2.1 The Structure of SCN 4
1.2.2 The coupling of SCN neurons 5
1.2.3 Molecular clock 6
1.2.4 ipRGCs and SCN 7
1.2.5 Development of the ipRGCs 8
1.2.6 The retinotopic map between retina and SCN 9
1.2.7 SCN output 10
1.3 GCaMP6s 11
1.4 Glutamate receptor 13
1.4.1 Suprachiasmatic nucleus and glutamate receptor 15
Statement of the Purpose 17
Chapter Ⅱ Material and Method 18
2.1 Animals 18
2.2 Genotyping 18
2.2.1 DNA isolation 18
2.2.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 19
2.3 EphA staining 19
2.3.1 Histology and immunohistochemistry 19
2.3.2 Analysis 20
2.4 In vitro calcium imaging 20
2.4.1 Brain slice preparation 20
2.4.2 Glutamate and glutamate agonist application 21
2.4.3 Images collection 22
2.4.4 Analysis 23
2.4.5 Baseline correction 23
2.4.5 Grayscale map 24
2.5 Optogenetics 24
2.5.1 Adeno-associated virus 2 package 24
2.5.2 Adeno-associated virus 2 infection 24
2.5.3 Image collection of the ChrimsonR infected retina and SCN 25
2.5.4 Optogenetics 25
Chapter Ⅲ Results 27
3.1There is no gradient of EphA in the SCN from dorsal to ventral 27
3.2 Most of the neurons in the SCN can be activated by glutamate directly 28
3.3 The AVP neurons in the SCN can be activated by ipRGCs directly 29
3.4 The AVP neurons in SCN used NMDA receptor as their glutamate receptor 31
3.5 The glutamate act on the metabotropic receptor may modulate the firing probability of the AVP neuron 32
Chapter Ⅳ Discussion 36
4.1 There is no EphA gradient in the SCN at P6 36
4.2 The AVP neuron can receive the glutamate signal directly 37
4.3 NMDA receptor is used for AVP neuron in SCN to receive the glutamate signal 39
4.4 The mGlu agonist modulate the firing probability of AVP neurons in SCN. 41
4.5 The limitation of slice calcium image by using GCaMP6s and future direction of this technology. 42
Chapter Ⅴ Significance of work 44
Chapter Ⅵ References 46
Figure 1.Schematic representation of the mouse genetic lines. 58
Figure 2.The representative EphA staining of P6 mice. 59
Figure 3.There is no gradient of EphA in the SCN along the dorsal-ventral line (the line is shown in figure 1) in P6 mice. 60
Figure 4.Most of the SCN neurons can receive the glutamate signal directly. 61
Figure 5.The AVP neurons can receive the glutamate signal directly. 62
Figure 6.The activity change of all the chosen AVP neurons. 63
Figure 8.The activity change of the AVP neurons before and after applying NMDA. 65
Figure 9.The response of the AVP neurons after applying Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor, DHPG. 66
Figure 10.The response of all the AVP neurons chosen to be analyzed after applying DHPG. 67
Figure. 11 The response of the AVP neurons after applying Group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist ,LY345740. 68
Figure 12.The response of all the AVP neurons chosen to be analyzed after applying LY345740. 69
Figure 13.The response of the AVP neurons after applying Group 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist ,L-AP4. 70
Figure 15.Conclusion model. 72
Figure 16. The AAV- ChrimsonR infection of the retinal ganglion cells. The figure 73
Figure 17. The light source module for optogenetics 74
Figure 18. The response of SCN neuron under ChrimsonR activation. 75
Table 1. List of primers for genotyping 76
Table 2. List of the glutamate receptor agonist 77
Table 3. List of peptide and antibody used in this study 78
Appendix Abstract and poster 79
Abstract of neuroscience 2016 79
Poster of United Exhibition of College of Life Science, National Taiwan University 81

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