臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The current advancements in the field of wireless networks have led to the emergence and use of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications on the public transportation to increase road safety and comfort for drivers, passengers, and authorities. Many ITS applications are possible through the use of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) communications, such as safety message dissemination, content delivery, and on-road services. Due to high mobility and a large amount of vehicles in a VANET, it is challenging to overcome issues of frequent topology changes and network scalability. To mitigate these issues, a vehicle clustering and management scheme can be applied to the VANET. Towards this goal, a mobility-based clustering scheme with a clustering link quality estimation (CLQE) metric taking both mobility information and link quality estimation into account is proposed in this thesis. The proposed clustering scheme is finally evaluated through the NS-3 simulator and the simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the closely related schemes in most scenarios.

The current advancements in the field of wireless networks have led to the emergence and use of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications on the public transportation to increase road safety and comfort for drivers, passengers, and authorities. Many ITS applications are possible through the use of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) communications, such as safety message dissemination, content delivery, and on-road services. Due to high mobility and a large amount of vehicles in a VANET, it is challenging to overcome issues of frequent topology changes and network scalability. To mitigate these issues, a vehicle clustering and management scheme can be applied to the VANET. Towards this goal, a mobility-based clustering scheme with a clustering link quality estimation (CLQE) metric taking both mobility information and link quality estimation into account is proposed in this thesis. The proposed clustering scheme is finally evaluated through the NS-3 simulator and the simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the closely related schemes in most scenarios.

Recommendation Form Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Committee Qualification Form Letter. . . . . . . . . ii
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Chapter 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Introduction to VANETs. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Research Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Research Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Organization of the Thesis. . . . . . . . . . . .3
Chapter 2 Related Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
2.1 Clustering in an Urban VANET. . . . . . . . . . .5
2.2 Link Quality Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3 The Proposed Scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Cluster Link Quality Estimation (CLQE). . . . . .10
3.3 Cluster Definition and States. . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 Cluster Head Selection and Cluster Formation. . .13
3.5 Cluster Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5.1 Limited Broadcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 4 Numerical Results and Discussions. . . . . 18
4.1 Simulation Parameters and Scenarios. . . . . . . 18
4.2 Simulation Results and Discussions. . . . . . . .19
4.2.1 CH Change Count. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
4.2.2 Average CH Duration. . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.2.3 Average CM Duration. . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
4.2.4 Clustering Overhead. . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work. . . . . . . . .26
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

[1] D. Jiang and L. Delgrossi, “IEEE 802.11p: Towards an international standard for wireless access in vehicular environments,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), May 2008, pp. 2036–2040.
[2] R. Chen, W. L. Jin, and A. Regan, “Broadcasting safety information in vehicular networks: issues and approaches,” IEEE Network, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 20–25, Jan. 2010.
[3]I.Rashdan, F.de Ponte Muller, and S. Sand,“Performance evaluation of traffic information dissemination protocols for dynamic route planning application in VANETs,” in Proc. IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Sept. 2016, pp. 1–5.
[4] M. Gerla, C. Wu, G. Pau, and X. Zhu, “Content distribution in VANETs,” Elsevier Vehicular Communications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–12, 2014.
[5] I. Ku, Y. Lu, M. Gerla, R. L. Gomes, F. Ongaro, and E. Cerqueira, “Towards software-defined VANET: Architecture and services,” in Proc.13th Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (MED-HOC-NET), Jun. 2014, pp. 103–110.
[6] S. M. AlMheiri and H. S. AlQamzi, “MANETs and VANETs clustering algorithms: A survey,” in Proc. IEEE 8th GCC Conference Exhibition, Feb. 2015, pp. 1–6.
[7] R. Oliveira, C. Montez, A. Boukerche, and M. S. Wangham, “Reliable data dissemination protocol for VANET traffic safety applications,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 63, pp. 30–44, 2017.
[8] L. Sarakis, T. Orphanoudakis, H. C. Leligou, S. Voliotis, and A. Voulkidis, “Providing entertainment applications in VANET environments,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 30–37, Feb. 2016.
[9] R. Chai, B. Yang, L. Li, X. Sun, and Q. Chen, “Clustering-based data transmission algorithms for VANET,” in Proc. International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing, Oct. 2013, pp. 1–6.
[10] T. C. Hou and T. J. Tsai, “An access-based clustering protocol for multihop wireless ad hoc networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1201–1210, Jul. 2001.
[11] S. Basagni, “Distributed clustering for ad hoc networks,” in Proc. 4th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms, and Networks(I-SPAN), 1999, pp. 310–315.
[12] G. Wolny, “Modified DMAC clustering algorithm for VANETs,” in Proc. Third International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications, Oct. 2008, pp. 268–273.
[13] R. Chai, X. Ge, and Q. Chen, “Adaptive K-harmonic means clustering algorithm for VANETs,” in Proc. 14th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), Sept. 2014, pp. 233–237.
[14] “A novel algorithm to form stable clusters in vehicular ad hoc networks on highways,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, no.1, p.15, Jan. 2012.
[15] M. Azizian, S. Cherkaoui, and A. S. Hafid, “A distributed D-hop cluster formation for VANET,” in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Apr. 2016, pp. 1–6.
[16] ——, “DCEV: A distributed cluster formation for VANET based on end-to-end relative mobility,” in Proc. International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Sept. 2016, pp. 287–291.
[17] M. N. Avcil and M.Soyturk,“ReSCUE: Relatively stable clustering for unbiased environments in VANETs,” in Proc. International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Aug. 2015, pp. 1049–1055.
[18] S. Ucar, S. C. Ergen, and O. Ozkasap, “VeSCA: Vehicular stable cluster-based data aggregation,” in Proc. International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo
(ICCVE), Nov. 2014, pp. 1080–1085.
[19] M. Ren, L. Khoukhi, H. Labiod, J. Zhang, and V. Veque, “A new mobility-based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs),” in Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, Apr. 2016, pp. 1203–1208.
[20] S. Ucar, S. C. Ergen, and O. Ozkasap, “Multihop-cluster-based IEEE 802.11p and LTE hybrid architecture for VANET safety message dissemination,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 2621–2636, Apr. 2016.
[21] N. Baccour, A. Koubâa, H. Youssef, M. Ben Jamâa, D. do Rosário, M. Alves, and L. B. Becker, “F-LQE: A fuzzy link quality estimator for wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. 7th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Network, 2010, pp. 240–255.
[22] N. Baccour, A. Koubâa, L. Mottola, M. A. Zúñiga, H. Youssef, C. A. Boano, and M. Alves, “Radio link quality estimation in wireless sensor networks: A survey,” ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, vol. 8, no. 4, Sep. 2012.
[23] C. A. Boano, M. A. Zuniga, T. Voigt, A. Willig, and K. Romer, “The triangle metric: fast link quality estimation for mobile wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. 19th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, Aug. 2010, pp. 1–7.
[24] D. LaI, A. Manjeshwar, F. Herrmann, E. Uysal-Biyikoglu, and A. Keshavarzian, “Measurement and characterization of link quality metrics in energy constrained wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, vol. 1, Dec. 2003, pp. 446–452.
[25] Y. Ma, “Improving wireless link delivery ratio classification with packet SNR,” in Proc. IEEE International Conferenceon Electro Information Technology, May 2005.
[26] T. R. Henderson, S. Roy, S. Floyd, and G. F. Riley, “NS-3 project goals,” in Proc. Workshop on NS-2: The IP Network Simulator, ser. WNS2 ’06, 2006.
[27] D. Krajzewicz, J. Erdmann, M. Behrisch, and L. Bieker, “Recent development and applications of SUMO - Simulation of Urban Mobility,” International Journal on Advances in Systems and Measurements , vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 128–138, Dec. 2012.