臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的在於探討不同語言在台灣車站中公共標誌（亦稱作語言景觀）上的能見度。公共標誌是一個向旅客傳遞訊息的媒介。在全球化的影響之下，人們可以輕易地穿越國界因而使外籍旅客人數增加。當旅客抵達其他國家，第一個前往的場所經常是車站以便移動至觀光景點或是旅館。另外，英文是一個被廣泛使用的通用語言，不僅母語人士，他國人士也經常使用。因此，為了協助外籍旅客便利地遊覽台灣，在台灣車站的公共標誌上必須提供英文。基於檢驗車站中的公共標誌是否設置妥當之目的，本研究調查台灣兩個歷史悠久的直轄市，包含台北及高雄車站中的公共標誌。資料蒐集主要以田野調查的方式，親自前往研究現場使用相機記錄公共標誌，共收集了2174個圖像做量與質的分析。量的分析著重在各語言及各項標誌功能出現的頻率，而質的分析進一步探討語言能見度與語言權力之間的相關性。研究結果顯示中文及英文的雙語呈現在車站公共標誌上的能見度為最高，亦顯現台灣的車站達到一定程度的國際化足以提供外籍旅客充足的協助及友善的環境。

This study aims to investigate the linguistic visibility of different languages on public signs in transport stations of Taiwan. Public signs are used as the medium to convey messages to visitors. Due to globalization, people could across international borders easily which increase the number of foreign visitors. Visitors are most likely to first approach transport stations when they go to other countries for moving to tourist attractions or hotels. In addition, English is a lingua franca which is widely used by not only native speakers but people from other countries. Therefore, in order to help foreign visitors tour around Taiwan conveniently, Taiwan has to set up public signs in transport stations with English. With the purpose of investigating whether public signs in transport stations are well-organized and appropriate, the researcher pays her attention to the public signs displayed in the transport stations in the two earliest municipalities of Taiwan, which are Taipei and Kaohsiung. The data (photographs of public signs) are collected through fieldwork. Finally, 2174 signs are photographed totally. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are adopted to do further analysis. The main finding shows that Mandarin-English bilingual is the most frequent language presented on public signs of the selected research regions. It also implies that transport stations in Taiwan do reach a certain level of globalization that could provide foreign visitors sufficient help and friendly environment.

ABSTRACT (CHINESE)…...……………………………….……………………… i
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)……………………………………………………...…… ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………….……………………………………...…...… iv
LIST OF TABLES……………….……………………………………...……….…. vi
LIST OF FIGURES.…………………………………..........................………… vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………….….….………….... 1
1.1　Background and Motivation of the Study……………………………………. 1
1.2　Purposes, Research Questions, and Significance of the Study……………….… 4
1.3　Outline of the Study……………….………………………………………....… 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………….………………...……... 6
2.1　The Concept of Linguistic Landscape…………………..………..……….….… 6
2.2　Previous Studies on Linguistic Landscape………………...……….…..………. 9
2.3　Linguistic Landscape in Transport Stations………………...…...……..……... 14
2.4　Linguistic Landscape in Taiwan……………..……………..…………………. 15
2.5　Summary of this Chapter…………….….….……………….………...……… 18

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY………………….….….……………… 19
3.1　The Setting………………………………………………………………...…. 19
3.2　Instruments……………..…………………………………….…….…………. 23
3.3　Data Collection……………………………….……………………………… 23
3.4　Data Analysis……………...…………………….……………….……………. 24

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS & DISCUSSION….….…………………...…..… 31
4.1　 Results..………….……….……...……………………………………….…. 31
4.1.1　Visibility of Languages in Linguistic Landscape of Transport Stations….… 31
4.1.2　Frequency of Functions of Linguistic Landscape in Transport Stations….… 33
4.1.3　Frequency of Language-Use Functions…………………………………...… 35
4.2.　 Discussion………………………………………………………………....... 38
4.2.1　Research Question 1: The visibility of languages in the linguistic landscape of Taipei and Kaohsiung transport stations…………………………………. 38
4.2.2　Research Question 2: The linguistic landscape of Taipei and Kaohsiung transport stations reflects the relationships of the languages used by the speech community of Taiwan………………………………….……………. 40
4.2.3　Research Question 3: The differences between Taipei and Kaohsiung linguistic landscape…………………………...…………………………….. 41
4.3.　 Summary of this Chapter……………………………………………...…… 44

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION…...…….….………………...……………… 45
5.1 　Summary of this Study...………………………………………………...…. 45
5.2 　Implications….………………………………………………………………. 46
5.3 　Limitation and Suggestions………………………………………………….. 47

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. 49

Backhaus, P. (2006). Multilingualism in Tokyo: A look into the linguistic landscape. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 52-66.
Backhaus, P. (2007). Linguistic landscapes: A comparative study of urban multilingualism in Tokyo, 136. Multilingual matters.
Barni, M. & Bagna, C. (2010). Linguistic landscape and language vitality. In E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael, & M. Barni (Eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city, (pp. 3-18). Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Amara, M. H., & Trumper-Hecht, N. (2006). Linguistic landscape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel. In D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism, (pp. 7-30). Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2006). Linguistic landscape and minority languages. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 67-80.
Chen, S. C. (2010). Multilingualism in Taiwan. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2010(205), 79-104.
Council for Economic Planning and Development. (1998). Urban and Regional Development Statistics. Retrieved from http://statistic.ngis.org.tw/Document/pdf/87.pdf
Curtin, M. (2009). Indexical signs, identities and the linguistic landscape of Taipei. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, (pp. 221-237). New York, NY & London: Routledge.
Curtin, M. (2014). Mapping cosmopolitanisms in Taipei: Toward a theorisation of cosmopolitanism in linguistic landscape research. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2014(228), 153-177.
Dailey, R. M., Giles, H., & Jansma, L. L. (2005). Language attitudes in an Anglo-Hispanic context: The role of the linguistic landscape. Language & Communication, 25(1), 27-38.
Edelman, L. J. (2010). Linguistic landscapes in the Netherlands: A study of multilingualism in Amsterdam and Friesland. Utrecht, Netherlands: LOT
GaWC. The world according to GaWC 2012. Retrieved from http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html
Gorter, D. (2006). Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
Gorter, D. (2013). Linguistic landscapes in a multilingual world. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 190-212.
Gorter, D. & Cenoz, J. (2014). Linguistic landscapes inside multilingual schools. In B. Spolsky, O. Inbar-Lourie, & M. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Challenges for language education and policy: Making space for people, (pp. 151-169). Routledge.
Hong, W. R. (2013). Taiwan de yu zhong fen bu yu fen qu [Language distribution and division in Taiwan]. Language and Linguistics, 14(2), 315-369.
Huebner, T. (2006). Bangkok's linguistic landscapes: Environmental print, codemixing and language change. In D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism, (pp. 31-51). Multilingual Matters.
Hult, F. (2009). Language ecology and linguistic landscape analysis. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, (pp. 88-104). New York, NY & London: Routledge.
Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H. G. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures, (pp. 11-30). The British Council.
Lai, M. L. (2013). The linguistic landscape of Hong Kong after the change of sovereignty. International Journal of Multilingualism 10(3), 251-272.
Landry, R. & Bourhis, R. Y. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1), 23-49.
Lawrence, C. B. (2012). The Korean English linguistic landscape. World Englishes, 31(1), 70-92.
Leech, G. N., & Svartvik, J. (2006). English: One tongue, many voices. Palgrave Macmillan.
Moser, M. (2013). The fall of the Iron Curtain and the new linguistic landscape of East-Central Europe. In P. I. Barta (Eds.) The fall of the Iron Curtain and the culture of Europe, (pp. 104-117). Routledge.
Shohamy, E., & Gorter, D. (2009). Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery. New York, NY & London: Routledge.
Shohamy, E. G., Rafael, E. B., & Barni, M. (2010). Linguistic landscape in the city. Multilingual Matters.
Shohamy, E., & Waksman, S. (2009). Linguistic landscape as an ecological arena: Modalities, meanings, negotiations, education. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, (pp. 313-331). New York, NY & London: Routledge.
Singhasiri, W. (2013, July). Linguistic landscape in the state railway station of Thailand: The analysis of the use of language. Paper presented at The European Conference on Language Learning 2013, Brighton, UK.
Spolsky, B. (2009). Prolegomena to a sociolinguistic theory of public signage. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery, (pp. 25-39). New York, NY & London: Routledge.

Statista. The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/
The four regions of administrative districts of Taiwan. Retrieved from https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China
Zhang, X. Q. (1999). Yu yan jing guan yu yu yan bao cun gui hua [Linguistic landscape and language preservation planning]. Guo li taidong shi yuan xue bao, 10, 155-172.
Zhong, R. F. (2002). Tai wan yu yan zheng ce yu shi ji yu yong de xian kuang [The current situation of language policy and practical pragmatics in Taiwan]. Ke jia gong gong xing zheng yan tao hui.
Zhu, J. F. (2012). On the translation of public signs from the functional perspective. Sino-US English Teaching, 9(6), 1246-1252.