臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在工業級的無線感測網路環境中，通常包含數量眾多的低功率感測節點，並且在有環境干擾及易發生封包傳輸錯誤的連線進行傳輸資料。因此必須設計對應此需求的無線感測網路技術，才能滿足在工業環境中傳輸可靠性與即時性的需求。
本論文的主旨是針對IEEE 802.15.4e的標準，在PDR(Packet Delivery Rate)<1的情況下，設計MAC層TDMA排程演算法之重傳機制並評估與分析其網路效益。本論文考量中央集權式(Centralized)的排程演算機制，在多頻道(multi-channel)的對時傳送機制(TDMA)的傳輸模式下，使用跳頻(channel hopping)方式來指定每個網路中的節點在特定的時槽(Time Slot)及特定的頻率中傳輸接收資料。在設定每一節點可以重傳任一封包固定次數的情形下，本論文以中央集權式排程演算機制針對PDR=1所設計的排程表為基礎，再根據網路拓樸的階層數，設計出一個具有多個frame的multi-frame的重傳排程表。最後，本論文透過模擬實驗，分別與Frame-Based和Slot-Based兩種重傳機制，比較與評估在各種網路拓樸環境中所展現的網路效能。模擬結果顯示，Multi-Frame重傳機制具有與Slot-Based相似的可靠度，以及與Frame-Based相似之低封包傳輸延遲性，可滿足工業物聯網環境中封包傳輸效能的需求。

The paper aims at the design of centralized scheduling algorithm with retried transmission for the IEEE 802.15.4e Network under the condition of PDR (Packet Delivery Rate) < 1. The centralized scheduling algorithm adopts multi-channel TDMA, and uses channel hopping to assign nodes in the network to transmit or receive data at the designated time slot and frequency.
The retried transmission algorithm proposed by this paper is based on the centralized scheduling mechanism designed for PDR = 1. The proposed multi-frame retransmission schedule allows any network node to resend each packet for at least the predefined number of times. The multi frame architecture is built according to the number of layers of the network topology.
Through simulation experiments, we compare and evaluate our mechanism with two existed retransmission mechanisms - Frame-Based and Slot-Based schemes. The results show that Multi-Frame mechanism is able to provide reliability performance similar to Slot-Based mechanism and achieve the low packet transmission latency comparable to Frame-Based mechanism. Therefore, the proposed mechanism can satisfy the QoS requirement of industrial internet of things (IIOT).

摘　要 i
ABSTRACT iii
目　錄 vii
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機及目的 1
1.3 論文架構 2
第二章 相關技術背景之探討 4
2.1 IEEE 802.15.4e MAC 協定 4
2.1.1 TSMP與TSCH 5
2.1.1.1 Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP) 5
2.1.1.2 Time slotted Channel Hopping(TSCH) 8
2.1.2 Slotframe 8
2.2 傳輸環境和衝突 9
2.2.1 半雙工傳輸形式與衝突 9
2.2.2 同頻道資料接收的衝突與限制 10
2.2.3 不同頻道資料傳輸的干擾衝突 12
2.3 Convergecast 資料模式 12
2.4 中央集權式排程演算法 13
2.5 Simple Traffic Aware Scheduling Algorithm(S-TASA) 13
2.5.1 網路模組 14
2.5.2 Local Queue Level 15
2.5.3 Global Queue Level 15
2.5.4 S-TASA的Matching機制 15
2.5.5 演算法流程 16
2.6 現有重傳機制 18
2.6.1 Frame-Based Repetition-n 18
2.6.2 Slot-Based Repetition-n 19
第三章 演算法功能設計及實現 21
3.1 重傳機制之設計 21
3.1.1 Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) 21
3.1.2 Multi-Frame 重傳排程演算法之原理 22
3.2 Multi-Frame 運作流程 22
3.2.1 Muiti-Frame初始設定 22
3.2.2 節點之level計算 23
3.2.3 重傳機制的規劃 24
3.2.4 Multi-Frame重傳機制演算法範例 28
第四章 模擬結果及分析 34
4.1 OMNet++模擬器及系統介紹 34
4.1.1 拓樸配置與路徑建置 34
4.1.2 TDMA Model 36
4.1.3 PDR and Error Model 36
4.2 模擬環境及效能指標 37
4.2.1 模擬環境 37
4.2.2 效能指標與封包種類說明 37
4.3 頻道PDR固定情形下重傳機制之效能測試 38
4.3.1 總共可使用頻道數=16之模擬結果 39
4.3.2 總共可使用頻道數不足16之模擬結果 57
4.4 頻道PDR不固定的情況下重傳機制之效能測試 89
4.4.1 總共可使用頻道數=16之模擬結果 90
4.4.2 總共可使用頻道數不足16之模擬結果 97
第五章 結論與未來發展 110
5.1 結論 110
5.2 未來發展 111
參考文獻 113

[1]A. Kumar S., K. Ovsthus and L. Kristensen, “An Industrial Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks – A Survey of Requirements, Portolcols, and Challenges,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 1391-1411, 2014.
[2]Palattella, Maria Rita, et al, “Standardized protocol stack for the internet of (important) things,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 1389-1406, 2013.
[3]802.15.4e-2012： IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Part 15.4： Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LRWPANs) Amendment 1： MAC Sublayer, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Std., 16 April 2012.
[4]HART Communication Protocol and Foundation, Available online：
http：//www.hartcomm2.org.
[5]IEC 62591, Industrial Communication Networks—Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles—WirelessHART, International Electrotechnical Comission, 1st edition, 2010.
[6]Pister, K., and Lance Doherty, "TSMP： Time synchronized mesh protocol," IASTED Distributed Sensor Networks, 2008, pp.391-398.
[7]WATTEYNE, Thomas; PALATTELLA, M.; GRIECO, L, “Using IEEE 802.15. 4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the Internet of Things (IoT)： Problem Statement,” Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 7554, 2015.
[8]IEC 62591, Industrial Communication Networks—Wireless Communication Network and Communication Profiles—WirelessHART, International Electrotechnical Comission, 1st edition, 2010.
[9]Hisanori Hayashi, Toshi Hasegawa and Koji Demachi, "Wireless technology for process automation," ICCAS-SICE, 2009, Fukuoka, 2009, pp. 4591-4594.
[10]M. R. Palattella, N. Accettura, M. Dohler, L. A. Grieco and G. Boggia, "Traffic Aware Scheduling Algorithm for reliable low-power multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4e networks," 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC), 2012, pp. 327-332.
[11]M. R. Palattella, N. Accettura, L. A. Grieco, G. Boggia, M. Dohler and T. Engel, "On optimal scheduling in duty-cycled industrial IoT applications using IEEE802.15.4e TSCH," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3655-3666, Oct. 2013.
[12]Y. Jin, P. Kulkarni, J. Wilcox and M. Sooriyabandara, "A centralized scheduling algorithm for IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH based industrial low power wireless networks," 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Doha, 2016, pp. 1-6.
[13]王崧夆著，「IEEE 802.15.4e無線感測網路之排程演算法設計」，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學資訊工程系碩士班，台北，2015
[14]蔡燦宇著，「IEEE802.15.4e網路之差異式排程演算機制的效能比較」，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學資訊工程系碩士班，台北，2016
[15]OMNet++ manual.[Online].
https：//omnetpp.org/doc/omnetpp/manual/usman.html#sec101